CH17 - Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

demography

the science of population size, distribution, and composition

T or F: the world population is growing exponentially

T

where does the greatest population growth occur?

in developing countries

about half of the increase in global population between 2010 and 2050 is projected to take place in just ______ countries

9

• india, pakistan, nigeria, ethiopia, US, the DRC, tanzania, china, and bangladesh

how is population growth estimated?

P = Sp + (B-D) + (I-O)

SP: starting pop

B: number of births

D: number of deaths
I: number of in-migrants

O: number of out-migrants

annual population growth or decline a country is the result of 3 factors:

1. the number of ppl born in the country during the year (fertility)

2. the number of people who die (mortality)

3. the number of people who immigrate into the country

4. the number of people who emigrate out (net migration, in-migratnt minus out migrant)

how is fertility estimated?

on the basis of women of childbearing age

crude birthrate

age-specific fertility rate

crude birth rate

the number of births each year per 1,000 ppl

age-specific fertility rate

the number of births typical for women of a specific age in a a particular population

crude death rate

the number of deaths each year per 1,000 ppl

age-specific mortality rate

an est of the number of deaths typical in men and women of specific ages in a particular population

life expectancy

the average number of years a newborn is expected to live based on existing health conditions in the country

life expectancy at birth is consistently higher for females than for males

total fertility rate

birth per 1000 women between ages 15-44, or their reproductive lifetime

what is the global TFR and TFR in different countries

global: 2.3 in 2020

more developed countries: 1.6

less developed countries: 2.6

least developed countries: 4.1

replacement rate fertility

the rate at which two parents are just replacing themselves

population momentum

the tendency of population growth to continue beyond the point when replacement-rate fertility has been achieved because of the high concentration of people of childbearing age

• EX: China and India

population growth can be affected by:

effective gov-led family planning programs and policies

• China’s one child policy

• family planning education in globally

unforeseen epidemics and pandemics

the development of new drugs or medical advances

what is a negative effect of rapid population growth?

can put a strain on basic services such as sanitation and education, as well as on the conservation of natural resources

stagnant population can result in a _______ that leaves aging populations dependent on their social welfare

birth death

Theory of the First Demographic Transition

societies begin with an extended stage of low or no growth resulting from high fertility and equally high mortality

pass thru a transitional stage of explosive growth resulting from high fertility and low mortality

end up in a final stage of slow or no growth resulting from low fertility and low mortality

what are the critiques of Theory of the First Demographic Transition?

it described the historical experience of Western societies

it does not describe the experience of the developing world

families do not always reduce fertility

many nations are not industrialized, yet mortality declined

fertility remains high in poor countries

Theory of the Second Demographic Transiton

some demographers argue that stabilization has been followed by a second demographic transiton, at least in the most developed countries

• characterized by broad changes in family patterns

• increased rates of divorce and cohabitation, as well as decreased rates of marriage and fertility and a rise of nonmarital births as a proportion of all births

changes in family patterns result in smaller families a second demographic transition often includes declines in the ________

RNI: rate of natural increase

RNI

rate of natural increase of populations; the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

T or F: a country with negative RNI can experience population declines

True

T or F: some countries with negative RNI may still experience growing populations as a result of immigration

True

T or F: countries with above replacement fertility rate and growing populations do not have normal pyramids

False

what did Ron Lesthaeghe say ab the Theory of the Second Demographic Transition

individual autonomy and female emancipation more central to the second transition

personal satisfaction associated with consumption

unprecedented female control over fertility

critics: the second transitions described the fraction of the world population

Malthus and Marx: how many ppl are too many?

Malthus: overpopulation and natural limits

• argued that the world is overpopulated

• exponential population growth: a constant growth rate applied to a base cont. growing in size, producing a pop that grows by an increasing amount in each passing year

• failed to recognize modern technology can be applied to agriculture

• issues includes whether food will reach those in need

Julian Simon: A Modern Critic Takes on Malthus

rejected Malthus’ ideas

Sudden Modern Progress (SMP): the rapid rise in living standards and tch was the result of population growth and density

• pop growth brings about tech progress: more pp means more minds and more innovation

Marx: overpop or maldistribution of wealth

the central problem is unequal resource distribution

most of the world’s resources/goods are consumed by the west

Critics: Marx underestimated population growth’s important as a variable

agricultural revolution

crop domestication

sedentarization

invention and innovation

trade and development

industrial revolution

begin in late 1700s in Western Europe

coal and steam

start of a period of population growth

what is a city?

a relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals

how did the industrial revolution influence cities?

it radically changes the nature of cities

• became centers of manufacturing rather than centers of trade

urbanization

the concentration of people in urban areas

what is rural community life (Gemeinschaft) characterized by?

intimate relationships, a strong sense of family, powerful folkways and mores, and stabilizing religious foundations

what is urban life (Gesellschaft) characterized by?

impersonal and materially based relationships, family breakdown, and the erosion of traditional beliefs and religious values

the is the Emergence of Urban Sociology?

pioneered by sociologists out of the University of Chicago in the 1920s-1930s

Urbanism: a specific way of life that resulted from the geographical concentration of large numbers of socially diverse people

concentrated on social ills associated with urbanism: poverty, crime, moral depravity, alienation, segregation by race, class, etc.

climate change and global warming

the result of manmade greenhouse gases that become trapped in the earth’s atmosphere, heating up the earth

warmer temps worldwide, melting ice caps, natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and droughts

what is the treadmill of produciton

the constant and aggressive growth needed to sustain the modern economy

• ex: data centers for software systems like ChatGPT