A&P Chapter 12 Notes

What Are Principle Parts Of The Brain?

• brainstem

  • medulla oblongata

  • pons

  • midbrain

  • reticular activating system (RAS)

• diencephalon

  • hypothalamus

  • epithalamus

  • thalamus

• cerebellum

• cerebrum

What Is The Cerebrum Composed Of?

• cerebral cortex = outer layer

  • gyrus = bumps (hills)

  • sulcus = grooves (valleys)

• corpus callosum = bridge connecting left & right sides (white matter)

• lateralization

  • left side = logic (scientific)

  • right side = creativity (artistic)

for lateralization, think left side = logic

What Are the Different Cerebral Cortex Lobes?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Frontal Lobe

• pre-central gyrus = primary motor area (helps move body)

• broca’s area = primary motor speech (helps you talk)

Parietal Lobe

• post-central gyrus = primary somatosensory (feels touch)

• gustatory area = primary taste center

Temporal Lobe

• hearing area

• olfactory area (smell)

Occipital Lobe

• visual area

Thalamus

• sends messages to/between the brain

• basic crude awareness (sensory)

• helps move memories from short to long term

Hypothalamus

• controls autonomic nervous system (like heartbeat/sweating)

• controls pituitary gland (boss of hormones)

• regulates hunger and thirst

• controls body temperature

Epithalamus

• known as the pineal gland

• makes melatonin

• controls your sleep clock (when you feel sleepy)

What Is The Anatomy Of The Cerebellum?

• has 2 hemispheres

• has arbor vitae = white matter

What Is The Function Of The Cerebellum?

• coordinates muscles (skeletal)

• helps posture and balance

Medulla Oblongata

• associated with the VGVAH nerves

• cardiovascular center (heart/blood vessels)

• breathing center

• control center for reflexes like

  • vomiting

  • coughing

  • sneezing

  • hiccuping

Pons

• associated with the TAFV nerves

• helps medulla oblongata with breathing

Midbrain

• associated with the OT nerves

• responsible for visual reflexes (look at things)

• responsible for hearing reflexes (turns towards sounds)

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

• responsible for alerting and arousal

• responsible for waking you up

What Are The Protective Coverings In The Brain?

• missing the epidural space

• contains blood brain barrier (BBB) = made of astrocytes and tight junctions

  • keeps the bad stuff out

What Is Cerebral Spinal Fluid And Its Function?

• responsible for choroid plexus and ependymal formation

• houses 4 ventricles

• function

  • mechanical and chemical protection

What Are The Meningie Spinal Cord Coverings?

• epidural space = adipose

• dura mater = tough outer blanket (most superficial)

• arachnoid matter = web like middle

• subarachnoid space = contains cerebral spinal fluid

• pia matter = thin layer hugging the spinal cord

they are made up of connective tissue!

What Is The External Anatomy Of The Spinal Cord?

• cauda equina = looks like a horse tail (inferior nerves)

• posterior and anterior root = branches (nerves coming out)

• posterior root ganglion = swelling or bulge (nerve hub)

What Is The Internal Anatomy Of The Spinal Cord?

• white matter = message highways

  • up = sensory tracts

  • down = motor tracts

• gray matter = processing center

  • posterior/anterior horns

• central canal

  • contains cerebral spinal fluid

• anterior fissure

  • big crack in front of spinal cord