apwh age of imperialism unit 6

Imperialism

The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of its people.

Motives for Imperialism:

Economic competition (more resources needed for industrialization), Nationalism (westernize), Racism, and Missionary Impulse (spread Christianity)

Social Darwinism

survival of the fittest

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Manifest Destiny

justified takeover of Native Americans and Mexican land as expansion and colonization moved westward

Indirect Control

Used locals to create government supportive to foreign rule, less chance of rebellion. (Great Britain and USA)

Direct Control

type of control where foreign officials were brought in to rule (France & Belgium in Africa)

Paternalism

Fatherly approach to imposing power over a country. Assumes that the less developed country needs guidance by the dominant once that believes that they are superior.

Assimilation

Imposed European or US culture and language upon the native peoples.

Imperialism: 4 forms of control

1. Colony (direct) - foreign power dominates and assumes complete control over land

2. Protectorate (Indirect) - has own govt and is "guided"

3. Sphere of Influence (indirect) - foreign power has exclusive trading privileges within the country.

4. Economic Imperialism (indirect) - private business control

Sphere of Influence

A powerful country exerts economic, political, or cultural dominance over a weaker territory.

Positive Effects of Imperialism

reduced civil wars, african goods were valued, improved transportation, silver and raw materials

Negative Effects of Imperialism

lost sense of native culture, introduction of diseases, famines, disruption of native life, natives forced into labor camps

Africa Before Imperialism

Tribes controlled trade routes and were led by elders or chieftains (couldn't mass produce weaponry)

Berlin Conference of 1884

North attempt to block British and establish divisions peacefully, european nations divide africa without african opinions

The Dutch Boers

Dutch settlers, 1st to settle in Africa; tried to keep settlers outside of South Africa

The Zulus

A native African group who fought with the Boers for control of the land

Shaka

Zulu chief

The Boer War

Boers trekked North to escape British domination but British brought in troops, creating union of South Africa and a segregated society to control it.

Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia who stored weapons and organized resistance with African allies after hearing about colonizations, anticipating European quest. Defeated Italy at Battle of Adwa.

British East India Company

A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.

Sepoy

Indian soldiers

"Jewel in the Crown"

the British colony of India--- so called because of its importance in the British empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods

Positive effects in india from colonial rule

British developed roads and railroads to transport goods and resources between cities and ports

Negative effects in india from colonial rule

Most of the industries and fertile land in India were controlled by the British

Factors that led to Indian Rebellion

Racism (racist attitudes of British rulers) , Christianity (British forcing people to convert)

The Sepoy Mutiny

Started with rifles being greased with beef and pork fat leading to increased mistrust of the British presence in India. Thousands of British soldiers and tens of thousands of Indians were casualties due to the rebellion.

The Raj

British took Direct control over India, Hindus and Muslims could not unit to resist against the british, and indians became second class citizens.

The Balkans

Peninsula that the Serbs and Greeks-Orthodox Christians live upon

Selim

New reforms gave rise to nationalism by conquered peoples

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Geopolitics

A foreign policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands.

Muhammad Ali

Tried to modernize Egypt - but france helped to finance the building of the Suez canal and egypt was unable to pay off their debts. Led to Great Britain repossessing the Suez Canal

Economic Imperialism in Persia

Discovery of oil led to Persia wanting to modernize to upgrade its ability to trade and outsource oil. Asked Britain for help and led to British and Russian oil businesses becoming wealthy and created sphered of influence.

Qing Dynasty during Western Imperialism

Gets wealthy due to trade, foreign ruled dynasty and isolated themselves from western world. Opium was smuggled in by the British for tea and continued even after Chinese emperor tried to ban opium trade

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanjing on China.

Extraterritorial Rights

An exemption of foreign residents from the laws of a country.

Taiping Rebellion

14 year war that expressed the Chinese people's discontent with the qing govt. Peasant rebellion

Chinese Nationalism

Dowager Empress Cixi prevented changes to China's traditional govt

Treaty of Nanjing

"unequal treaty" to end Opium War in which China had to accept British terms for peace

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 revolt in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

King Mongkut

King's of Thailand(Siam) Avoided Imperialism by educating in Western style and being friendly with Europeans; also bulit railroads and created own trade routes.

Queen Lili'uokalani

the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests; overthrown by Sanford Dole and other American plantation owners who created the Republic of Hawaii.

Spanish-American War

the US victory in 1898 that brought Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines under the control of the US

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino leader who was promised independence after the war for the support of the US but did not get it.

The Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France (Napoleon) in 1803 for $15 million

1867 Alaska

Secretary of State Seward convinced the senate to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7 million. Dubbed "Seward's Folly" until the discovery of gold and oil.

The Mexican-American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

The Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt declared that the US had the right to protect and police Latin America.

Congress of Vienna

A series of meeting called to bring peace to Europe after napoleon was defeated

Italian Unification

Count Cavour unified Northern Italy; Giuseppe Garibaldi unified Southern Italy and joined it with the North. (South = poor & agricultural, North = wealthy and industrialized)

German Unification

Otto von Bismark led Prussia in the unification of Germany through the war. Bismark was appointed Prime Minister by the Prussian King. 25 Germanic states were unified

Realpolitik

Justifies any and all means to achieve and hold power

Balkan Nationalism

Nationalism destabilized the balkan region of the Ottoman empire

Ottomanism

Political trend in the 1870s and 1880s in which loyalty to the sultan was replaced with loyalty to the Ottoman state. Ottoman citizenship was intended to resolve divisions among the empire's diverse subjects.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

The Monroe Doctrine

President Monroe declared that the US was against European colonization in Latin America