Exam 3 Study Guide

Progressivism

Political and social reform in the late 19th century to early 20th century (1890-1929). It aimed to increase wages, decrease poverty, and overall increase living conditions.

White Collar jobs

Jobs such as teachers, lawyers, clerks, and more. These jobs were benefiting from Progressivism and usually made up the middle class.

Department Stores

Built by upper class to provide a place to spend new wages and leisure time, most of the middle class shopped here. Lower class and middle class also got jobs here.

Consumption during the 1930s

The 1930s marked the start of a recession, consumption rates lowered and saw a dramatic decrease.

Women and Consumption in the 1930s

Many women were forced to consume less products as they usually would, some even getting jobs to support their families. Some women consumed alcohol and smoked in public as a reform movement.

Grocery Stores and Self Service

Grocery stores starting allowing customers to shop on their own and then purchase items. This started with Piggly Wiggly.

Middle Class Values

The middle class during Progressivism experienced greater amounts of leisure time and more wealth. They resented the upper class for being wealthy.

Socialists Party in the 1930s

A communist party that formed to create Unions in labor. The other party was a democratic socialist party who were facists (Nazis).

Prohibition

Banned alcohol, the Anti-Saloon League formed in which they advocated for prohibition. Bright’s Disease and domestic abuse were two issues that occured due to alcohol.

Carry Nation

Took axes to beer barrels during the temperance movement.

Anti-Saloon League

Much like Carry Nation, they lobbied for Temperance to occur, and successful made it happen.

Passage of the 18th amendment

The Temperance movement occurred before the amendment, and it was so significant it caused the 18 amendment to be passed.

18th amendment

Prohibited the sale, transportation, and consuming of alcohol.

Monuments for the Great War

Bell Toll Building memorial, Veterans Day holiday (11/11)

Colleges and the Great War

South Carolina college hosts a monument to the Great War.

Woodrow Wilson

Elected in 1912, made it legal to tax income through the 16th amendment.

Income Tax (16th Amendment)

16th amendment that puts a 7% tax on wealthy American’s taxes that devolved into taxing incomes.

Weapon and the great war

Machine guns and gases arose, making WWI deadly.

Lusitania & U-Boats

German U-Boats destroyed ships to cut off supplies, in turn they accidentally sunk the Lusitania (it's speculation that they did not sink it). Caused the US and Germany to build up more tension.

Selective Services Act of 1917

Requiring men to sign up for the Army beginning at the age of 18/21, and it enabled the United States to mobilize a large military force quickly for its involvement in World War I.

Creel Committee

Enacted in 1917 by Woodrow Wilson, primary goal was to rally public support for the war effort, both at home and abroad, by using every available form of mass communication.

US War strategy

Focused on having a large military and providing crucial resources to the Allied Powers.

Duration of the War

The war lasted 4 years, ending on November 11th at the 11th hour.

League of Nations

The first worldwide intergovernmental organization aimed at maintaining world peace and promoting international cooperation. Started by Paris, and the US never joined.

Treaty of Versailles

Formally ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers, imposing harsh terms on Germany including territorial losses, demilitarization, and reparations.

Fall of Progressivism

Halted or reversed the progressive nostrums and allowed the free enterprise system to flourish - which it did until rampant stock speculation and the Federal Reserve’s easy money policies which propped up that speculation led to the Great Depression

“Return to Normalcy”

Was a campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding during the 1920 United States presidential election.

The Great Gatsby

A book that is centered around the 1920s, where Prohibition also takes place.

All Quiet on the Western Frontier

A book that discusses the German Soldier's experience in WW1.

The Man Nobody Knows

A book that painted Jesus as a business man who worked his way to glory.

Flapper

Women during the 1920s who wore shorter dresses and hairstyles, wore heavy makeup, and used more rebellious and revealing styles. They were highly known as dancers.

Makeup

Became popular in the roaring twenties due to the rise of consumerism and flappers.

Henry Ford

Car manufacturer that started a movement for more efficient labor and factories. Highly believed in his workers being able to afford the cars they produced, so he made wages higher and car prices lower.

Five Dollar a Day plan

The plan that workers under Henry Ford could earn up to five dollars a day through various ways. The AFL investigated people's houses to make sure they were fit to get their five dollars.

Model T

The first affordable car made by Ford that was very popular due to being affordable.

Home Shortage

Due to the Great Depression there was a shortage of houses because people had to sell their houses and move into smaller ones.

Silent Movies/Motion Picture

Became popular in the 1930s due to a development of sound, Hollywood became big and moved to South Vegas to produce the movies.

Bonus army

Group of World War I veterans, their families, and supporters who marched on Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of their promised bonuses, facing hardship during the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Small shacks along poverty populations that used the name to mock president Hoover for the economy/Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Government agency established in 1932 to provide financial support to businesses, banks, and other institutions during the Great Depression.

Stock Market

Crashed in October of 1929, a place for people to invest in businesses. Although other factors were a precursor to it happening, panicking about speculation and quick selling their stocks cause the Depression to finally begin.

Dust Bowl (1930-1941)

Rural areas like Texas and Kansas that faced a massive influx of dust due to over planting soil and wind.

Polio

A condition in which Teddy Roosevelt hid from citizens, it's origin is from contaminated waters.

Supreme Court

The Court's conservative leanings led to the invalidation of several New Deal programs, including those related to economic regulation and labor relations, which were seen as infringing on individual liberties.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Created in the aftermath of the Wall Street crash of 1929. Its primary purpose is to enforce laws against market manipulation (fraud and more).

Adolf Hitler

Former general of Germany who started a revolution of fascism called Nazis.

My Struggle (Mein Kampf, 1925)

A manifesto written by Hitler that outlawed his political beliefs and goals for Nazis.

New Deal

Focused on the "3 R's": relief for the unemployed and for the poor, recovery of the economy back to normal levels, and reforms of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression.

Social Security

Social Security Act of 1935 was enacted, establishing a system of old-age insurance and unemployment insurance, funded by payroll taxes on employers and employees, and aimed at providing economic security for the elderly and unemployed.

Invasion of Manchuria

Japan invaded Manchuria, a Chinese province, under the pretext of a Mukden Incident on the South Manchuria Railway, leading to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo and a series of events that escalated tensions and ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War II.

Cash and Carry

Implemented through the Neutrality Acts, allowed nations at war to purchase non-military goods from the U.S. if they paid in cash and transported the goods on their own ships.

Merchants of Death

Companies and individuals who profited from the arms trade (weapon transportation), particularly during and after World War I.

Fascism and Communism

Fascism is a far-right form of government where most of the country's power is held by one ruler or a small group, under one party. (E.g. Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler).

Communism is a political theory advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs. (Anarchy)

Both of these groups spread in the US but were eventually shut down.

Quarantine Speech

A speech by Teddy Roosevelt stating that the US should “quarantine” aggressive states and deal with them in more strategic ways rather than military involvement.