Lab Exam 1 - Summer

human anatomy

study of the structure o fhte human body

human physiology

involves the function of the body

scientific method

understanding the world with a question, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, etc.

hypothesis

testable proposal that seeks to answer a scientific question

experiment

testing done to prove or disprove the hypothesis

data

pieces of information or facts that are obtained (measured) to support or reject the proposed hypothesis

1 liter

In the metric system, 1,000 ml is equal to …

one thousand times greater than the base unit

List the description of Kilo

ten times greater than the base unit

List the description of Deca

one tenth as much of the base unit

List the description of Deci

one hundredth as much of the base unit

List the description of Centi

one thousandth as much of the base unit

List the description of Milli

one millionth as much of the base unit

List the description of Micro

one billionth as much of the base unit

List the description of Nano

1 cubic centimeter

One milliliter is equivalent to how many cubic centimeters?

Meter

What is the base unit for length

Liter

What is the base unit for volume

Gram

What is the base unit for mass

Second

What is the base unit for time?

Scientific notation

provides a shortented notation of very large or small numbers

Independent variable

variable that scientists change in an experiment

Dependent variable

result that occurs by changing a variable results in this variable

Range

extremes of meaurement (highest and lowest measurements)

mean

average of a group

neutral pH

pH of 7. Hydrogen ions equal amount of hydroxyl ions

acidic pH

pH<7. Increased hydrogen ions, decreased hydroxyl ions

basic/ alkaline pH

pH > 7. Decreased hydrogen ions, increased hydroxyl ions

buffers

materials that resist changes in pH

Covalent bonds

bonded atoms share electrons. They are strong bonds

ionic bonds

electrons from one atom are transferred to another atom. Oppositely charged particles are also known as electrolytes. Bond is due to electrostatic attraction and are also considered strong bonds.

Hydrogen bonds

Two molecules of water come together, where the negatively charged oxygen is attracted to the positively charged hydrogen atom of the other molecule. Weak bond.

gross anatomy

cutting up part or all of the body and examing its details

Regional anatomy

study of particular areas of the body such as the head or the leg

systematic anatomy

study of organ systems such as the skeletal or nervous system

reproductive system

responsible for the maintenance of the species. Main organs include ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, testes, ductus deferens, seminiferous glands, and the penis.

lymphatic system

cleanes and returns tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system and assists the body in protecting itsself from forgein organisms. Consists of vessels, thymus, spleen, and tonsils.

Urinary system

rids the body of waste products. Consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Integumentary system

provides covering of the body and is mostly formed by the skin

nervous system

well developed that allows us to interact with and interpret our environment. Includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Digestive system

provides nutrition to the tissues. Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, etc.

muscular system

moves the body and consists of the individual muscles

endocrine system

individual organs produce hormones. Includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, and gonads.

respiratory system

takes oxygen to the body and releases carbon dioxide. Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs

cardiovascular system

transports things. Includes the heart and blood vessels.

Skeletal system

framework for movement and a mechanism for protecting the body. Individual bones are the organs of this system

proximal

refers to regions closer to the mouth (meaning near the trunk)

distal

refers to regions closer to the anus (meaning away from the trunk

parietal

in reference to the body wall

visceral

in reference to areas closer to the internal organs

superior

above - directional term

inferior

below - directional term

medial

toward the midline - directional term

lateral

toward the side - directional term

superficial

toward the surface - directional term

deep

toward the core - directional term

anterior (or ventral)

to the front - directional term

proximal

to the back - directional term

ipsilateral

refers to being on the same side of the body

contralateral

refers to being on the otehr side of the body

transferse plane (horizontal)

cut that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior parts

coronal plane (frontal)

cut that divides the anterior and posterior portions

saggital plane

cut that divides the body into left and right portions.

resolution

ability of the eye to distinguish two objects as separate

light microscopy

involves the use of visible light and glass lenses to magnify and observe a specimen

working distance

distance betwen the objective lens and coverslip

field of view

circle you see as you look into the microscope

cytology

scientific study of cells

plasma membrane

dynamic intersurface between the internal environment of a cell and the external environment

cytoplasm

potion of the cell in which water, dissolved materials, and organelles are found

cytosol

fluid in which the organelles are suspended

phospholipid bilayer

plama membrane is composed of this. Includes proteins, cholesterol, and other molecules

cholesterol membranes

provide stability to the membrane and make it more fluid

peripheral proteins

proteins that are on the inner or outer surface of the membrane

integral proteins

proteins that pass into the membrane. Have carbohydrates and other molecules associated with them and frequently are served as cell markers.

specialization

function of an organelle is determined by its structure

mitochondria

rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. Converts stored chemical energy in food molecules to ATP

ribosomes

smallest organelles and their function is to produce proteins

rough endoplasmic reticulum

associated with the nucleus and produces proteins for transport and use outside of the cell. Has ribosomes attached

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

distal extension of nucleus. Produces lipid compounds and detoxifies materials.

Golgi apparatus

receives material from the endoplasmic reticulum and other parts of the cytoplasm and serves as an assembly and packing organelle

cisternae

flattened, membranous sacs, and it forms vesicles to transport the molecules it assembles

nuclear envelope

surrounds nucleus and contains nuclear pores to allow movement of materials into or out of the nucleus

nucleoli

consist of portions of chromosomes and contain DNA and protein. Make rRNA.

vesicles

sacs inside the cell that digest subcellular material, transport material out of the cell, and carry on enzymatic material

lysosomes

digest material with enzymes through phagocytosis

peroxisomes

use enzymes to convert potentially toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

cilia

found on cells that are involved in movement such as movement of mucus along the edges of respiratory passages.

microvilli

small extensions of the surface of some cells that are involved in the abosorption of some materials

interphase

time when cell undergoes growth and replication. Has 3 phases including G1, S, and G2

G1 phase

cells are growing in size and reproducing organelles

S phase

DNA of the cell is duplicated. Double helix unzips and two new, identical DNA molecules are produced

G2 phase

cell continues to grow and prepares for the process of mitosis. Some cells do not undergo further division and are in the G0 phase

mitosis

nuclear division that involves the division of genetic information to produce two identical nuclei. 5 distinct phases

prophase

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope begins to disassemble.

Prometaphase

spindle fibers (microtubules) attach to the chromosomes at the centromere

metaphase

chromosomes align between the poles of the cell in a region known as the metaphase plate

anaphase

chromatids separate at the centromere and each one is known as a daughter chromosome. Spindle fibers attach to the region known as the kinetochore.

telophase

once the daughter chromosomes reaches the poles. Telophase begins and daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin, the nucleolus reappears, and the nuclear envelope begins to re-form.

kinetic energy

energy of motion and it is the driving force of the movement of atoms and molecules

diffusion

movement of particles from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration