Human Biology Unit 1 Review

What are the 7 characteristics of living things?

1) Contains nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

2) Composed of cells

3) Grow and reproduce

4) Use energy and raw matericals

5) Maintain homeostasis

6) Respond to their environment

7) Evolve and have adaptive traits

What are the three domains of life?

1) Domain Bacteria

2) Domain Archaea

3) Domain Eukarya

What are the 4 kingdoms found in the domain eukarya

Protists → algae, protozoans, diatoms

Fungi → molds, mushrooms

Plants → mosses, ferns, seed plants

Animals → invertabrates, vertabrates

list the levels of biological organization from molecule to biosphere

The levels of biological organization move in a clear progression from the smallest chemical units to the entire living planet. It begins with molecules, the tiny chemical building blocks that form macromolecules like DNA and proteins. These macromolecules make up organelles, which carry out specific functions inside a cell, the basic unit of life. Similar cells group together to form tissues, and different tissues combine to create organs. Organs work together within an organ system, allowing an organism to function as a whole. Multiple organisms of the same species living in one area form a population, and different populations interacting together make up a community. When you add the physical environment—like air, water, and soil—you get an ecosystem. All ecosystems on Earth together form the biosphere, the broadest level, representing all life and its interactions across the planet.

Define : matter

everything that takes up space and has mass, made of atoms, containing a nucleus and protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons

Define : Atom

Units of matter that cannot be broken down

Define : Proton (+)

subatomic particle occuring in all atomic nuclei, positive electric charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron, but opposite sign

Define : Neutron (-)

A subatomic particle without an electronic charge, present in all atomic nuclei

Define : Electron (+/-)

A subatomic particle with a negative charge, found in all atoms and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids

Isotope

Elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

compound

a substance formed when 2 or more different elements chamically bond together in fixed proportions, charactaristics are different from those of the individual elements, usually

Descibe the polarity and properties of water

Polarity is the distribution of electrical charge within a water molecule. properties are its high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, superiorability as a dissolving agent, can be traced to its polarity.

Compare ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds result from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions, ther are weaker than covalent bonds since they dont share electrons. Hydrogen bonds form when slightly positive hydrogen atoms of 1 water moleule are attracted to the slightly negative oxygen atoms in another water molecule, hydrogen bonds are the weakest of all bonds. Covalent bonds are the strongest bonds.

Acid

anything that releases hydrogen ions when plaed in water pH scale. 1 → highly acidic, 14→ highly basic

base

releass hydroxide ions (negative) when placed in water. pH scale → 8-14

Buffer

Substances that prevent drastic changes in pH. Remove excess hydrogen ions/ add them to balance out.

What types of reactions generate polymers?

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol through dehydration synthesis. ex: fats or oils, classified as saturated or unsaturated

What molecule is released when polymer is generated?

Water molecule H2O, dehydration synthesis

What types of reaction separates polymers into monomers?

Hydrolysis

What is the monomer of a carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

Identify two monosaccharides

glucose and fructose

identify two disaccharides

sucrose and lactose, storage molecule for energy

What is the storage polysaccharide in plants and in animals

plants → starch

animals → glycogen

What are some charcteristics of carbohydrates?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, CHO - sugars

What are some characteristics of lipids?

hydrophobic, non polar, no monomer

Identify two examples of lipids

tryglceride - glycerol and fatty acids

phosholipid

Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid

cell membrane - made up of phospholipids plasma membrane.

inside cell - semipermeable membrane

outside cell - water