1020 cellular biology + some embryology

what are 1 and 2

lysosome and golgi complex

what are 3 and 4

ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

what’s 5

centrioles of centrosome

what are 6, 7, 8

chromatin, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope

what are 9, 10, 11

nuclear pore, nucleolus, nucleus

what are 12 and 21

protein and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

what are 13 and 14

phospholipid bilayer and cell membrane

what are 15 and 16

cristae and mitochondria

what are 17 and 19

microtubule and microfilament

what are 18 and 20

cytoplasm and cytoskeleton

contains a variety of acid hydrolases, which function in breaking down substances both inside and outside the cell

Lysosome

Where carbohydrate side chains of glycoproteins are formed, packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles for secretion, made up of succules

golgi complex

Particles that translate genetic codes for proteins and activate mechanisms for their
production. Has 2 subunits

Ribosome

function in synthesis of secretory protein and ribosomes attach to this

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Either of two sort cylinders appearing near the nucleus that migrate to opposite poles of the cell during cell division

Centrioles of centrosome

A DNA/protein complex that forms chromosomes

Chromatin

the protoplasm of the nucleus

nuceloplasm

Membrane bounding the nucleus, composed of two phospholipid layers

nuclear envelope

Openings in the nuclear envelope associated with the endoplasmic reticulum that forms at the end of each cell division

Nuclear pore

A round vacuole-like achromatic body rich in RNA

nucleolus

A spheroid body within a cell, containing the genetic matter DNA, organelles, nucleoli, chromatin, linin, and nucleoplasm. It has a thin nuclear membrane vital to protein synthesis. Coordinates the cell’s activities

nucleus

workhorse macromolecules of the cell and are as diverse as the functions they serve

protein

A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.

phospholipid bilayer

Encloses the cells contents, and regulates the passage of molecules across it

cell membrane

folded structures that create more space to allow for a faster production of energy. They are key to the process that helps release energy during cellular respiration

cristae

membrane-bound structure lying free in the cytoplasm and present in all cells. generates ATP

mitochondria

Small tubular structures found in the cytoplasm and composed of the protein tubulin. They are cylindrical and hollow

microtubule

Protoplasm of a cell located in the area surrounding the nucleus

cytoplasm

They are long, thin and stringy proteins (mainly actin). Work with another organelle to form the structure that allows a cell to hold its shape, move itself, and move its organelles

microfilament

A complex network of filaments and tubules with multiple functions including structural strength, cell signalling and transport, and cell motility.

cytoskeleton

Involved in the synthesis of lipids which are used in the production of new cellular membrane. Not associated with ribosomes.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

briefly describe lysosome

contains acid hydrolasers, breaks down substances inside and outside of cell

briefly describe golgi apparatus

made of saccules, forms glycoprotein carbohydrate side chains, packages proteins

briefly describe ribosomes

translates genetic code for proteins, 2 subunits joined together with the smaller subunit reading mRNA and larger subunit joining amino acids to make polypeptides/proteins

briefly describe rough endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes attached, functions in synthesis of secretory protein

briefly describe centrioles of centrosome

migrates to opposite poles during cell division, found near the nucleus

briefly describe nuclear pore

associated with the endoplasmic reticulum that forms at the end of each cell division

briefly describe chromatin

DNA/protein complex that forms chromosomes

briefly describe nucleoplasm

protoplasm of the nucleus

briefly describe nuclear envelope

composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers, similar to plasma membrane but has pores, vital to protein synthesis

briefly describe nucleolus

round, vacuole-like and rich in RNA

briefly describe nucleus

contains DNA and small organelles, coordinates the cell’s activities

briefly describe protein

determines cell health and function, workhouse macromolecules, responsible for almost every part of cellular life

briefly describe cell membrane

encloses cell contents and regulates passage of molecules across the cell

what does phospholipid bilayer do

allows for selective permeability in and out of the cell

briefly describe cristae

folded structures within mitochondria, allows for more space and therefore increased energy production, key for energy release in cellular respiration

briefly describe mitochondria

generates ATP, membrane-bound but free in the cytoplasm

briefly describe microtubules

composed of the protein tubulin, hollow, works with microfilaments to maintain cell shape/strength and move/transport organelles

briefly describe cytoplasm

protoplasm of the cell (outside nucleus)

briefly describe microfilament

proteins, works with microtubule to maintain cell shape/strength and move/transport organelles

briefly describe function of cytoskeleton

many functions such as structural strength, cell signalling and transport, cell motility

briefly describe smooth endoplasmic reticulum

involved in synthesis of lipids such as phospholipids and cholesterol

which feature is NOT shared by all cells

DNA in nucleus

how is DNA different in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes

in prokaryotes the DNA is concentrated in nucleoid. In eukaryotes the DNA is in the double membrane bound nucleus

what type of cells have a variety of membrane-bound organelles in the cytosol

eukaryotes

whats genome

genetic material of an organism or virus

whats a chromosome

cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

(SUPER brief) what happens during prophase

chromosomes coil to shape

(SUPER brief) what happens during metaphase

chromosomes align and attach

(SUPER brief) what happens during anaphase

chromosomes divide and drag

(SUPER brief) what happens during telophase

chromosomes uncoil and expand

(SUPER brief) what happens during cytokinesis

chromosomes are separated

meiosis or mitosis: Number of chromosome sets are conserved

mitosis

meiosis or mitosis: Chromosome ‘sets’ are reduced from diploid to haploid

meiosis

meiosis or mitosis: Produces daughter cells genetically identical to each other and parent cells

mitosis

meiosis or mitosis: Each cell produced is unique from parent cells and each other

meiosis

which is NOT a process unique to meiosis I

two diploid daughter cells produced

the ____ number in humans is 46

diploid

the ____ number in humans is 23

haploid

what are cells that have 2 pairs of chromosomes and typically found throughout the body tissues called

germ cells

what are the cells with one set of chromosomes found in the reproductive organs called

somatic cells

during meiosis, chromosomes split into daughter cells randomly, making each gamete unique. this is called…

genetic diversity

what phase of meiosis: homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs at chiasmata, spindle begins to form

prophase I

what phase of meiosis: chromosomes line up, both chromatids of each homologue chromosome attached to kinetochore microtubules

metaphase I

what phase of meiosis: two homologous chromosomes of each pair separate but sister chromatids still connected at centromere

anaphase I

what phase of meiosis: each chromosome has two sister chromatids- one or both include regions of non-sister chromatid DNA

telophase I

what phase of meiosis: two haploid daughter cells formed

cytokinesis

what phase of meiosis: chromosomes positioned at metaphase plate, random alignment and separation of chromosomes (AKA independant assortment)

metaphase II

what phase of meiosis: sister chromatids separate as proteins holding them break down, spindles shorten and move chromatids to opposite poles

anaphase II

what phase of meiosis: nuclei form, chromosomes start decondensing

telophase II

at what phase of meiosis do 4 genetically distinct daughter cells form

cytokinesis

which pharyngeal arch is innervated by cranial nerve V and forms muscles of mastication

1st arch

which pharyngeal arch is AKA mandibular arch

1st arch

which pharyngeal arch forms Meckel’s cartilage

1st arch

which pharyngeal arch is innervated by cranial nerve VII and forms muscles of mastication

2nd arch

which pharyngeal arch is AKA hyoid arch

2nd arch

which pharyngeal arch forms Reichert’s cartilage

2nd arch

which pharyngeal arch is innervated by cranial nerve IX and forms stylopharyngeus muscle

3rd arch

which pharyngeal arch is innervated by cranial nerve X and forms pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles and contributes to tongue

4th arch

which pharyngeal arch is innervated by cranial nerve X and forms pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles

6th arch