A&P - Urology

calyc

small cup

cort

covering

detrus

to force away

glom

little ball

mict

to pass urine

nephr

pertaining to the kidney

papill

nipple

trigon

triangle

function of urinary system (3)

removes metabolic wastes, maintains water and electrolytes, maintains pH

renal capsule

tough, fibrous outer shell of kidney

renal cortex

outer portion of kidney

renal medulla

inner portion of kidney, location of collecting ducts

renal pyramids

cone shaped masses of kidney

ureter

tube leaving kidney

renal pelvis

superior end of ureter which is expounded to form a funnel shape

what is the functional unit of the kidney

a nephron

what is the renal corpuscle

glomerulus (filtration unit) within the glomerular/bowmans capsule

3 parts of the renal tubule

PCT, loop of hence (descending and ascending), DCT

collecting duct

empties into minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → etc

blood flow

aorta → renal artery → interloper arteries → arcuate A → interlobular A → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries→ interlobular veins → arcuate V → arcuate V → renal veins → IVC

name the 3 stages of urine formation

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

location of glomerular filtration

renal corpuscle

what happens during glomerular filtration

everything BUT cells and proteins (water, ions, urea, aa, glucose) is filtered out by Bowmans capsule. this is called filtrate

how do fluids enter and leave the bowmans capsule

enter through Afferent arteriole, leave through Efferent arteriole

location of tubular reabsorption

PCT, loop of hence, DCT

what happens during tubular reabsorption

90% of water and ions are reabsorbed and but back into blood

reabsorption in the PCT

nutrients (glucose and amino acids), ions, and water

reabsorption in the loop of hence

water (DESCENDING), Na+ and Cl- (ASCENDING)

reabsorption in DCT

hormonal regulation (ADH and ALD), fine tuning of water/electrolyte balance

location of tubular secretion

DCT and collecting duct

what happens during tubular secretion

substances from blood are secreted back into the DCT, removing what is not needed

ion concentration of blood is maintained

helps with acid-base balance and removal of excess ions/toxins

micturition meaning

process of expelling urine

ureters function

transport urine from kidney to bladder, via peristalsis

urinary bladder

hollow, distensible, can hold 400-600 mL of urine

detrusor muscle

smooth muscle layer of urinary bladder responsible for bladder collection during urination

urethra

tube that carries urine outside the body

2 phases of urination

storage phase and voiding phase

storage phase

bladder fills with urine, detrusor muscles relax, urethral sphincters contracted to prevent leakage

voiding phase

bladder fills, which stimulates stretch receptors to initiate involuntary reflex arc mediated by spinal cord. initiates detrusor contraction

internal sphincters relax (involuntary)

external sphincters relax (voluntary)

elimination of urine pathway

starts at glomerulus → bowmans capsule → PCT → loop of henle → DCT → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → bladder → urethra →outside

where does peristalsis happen

urinary bladder

where does micturition happen

urethra