AP Bio: Carbon FRQ Review

carbon

a versatile, abundant, and and buildable electron

carbon characteristics

versatile, abundant, tetravalence, wants to bond, buildable, electronegative, can form different types/amount of bonds, forms covalent bonds

isomer

compounds with the same chemical formula, different arrangements

organic chemistry

chemistry of carbon

carbon atomic number

6

carbon atomic mass

12

carbon valence electrons

4

functional groups of carbon

hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, and methyl

hydroxyl structure

an oxygen atom with two lone pairs that are bonded with hydrogen

hydroxyl properties

polar because the electrons spend more time near the electronegative oxygen atom, and can form hydrogen bonds with molecules to dissolve organic compounds (carbon compounds)

carbonyl structure

a carbon atom that is double bonded to an oxygen atom

ketone

organic compound in a carbonyl group that is attached to a carbon atom at the end of the chain

aldehyde

organic compound in the carbonyl group that is attached to a carbon atom in the chain

carbonyl properties

ketone and aldehyde can be structural isomers with different properties and ketone and aldehyde are found in sugars (aldoses and ketoses)

carboxyl structure

a combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom, hydroxyl (single bonded OH) and carbonyl (double bonded O)

carboxyl properties

has a acidic properties because the covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen are so polar and is found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1-

sulfhydryl structure

sulfur atom with two lone pairs that is bonded to hydrogen

sulfhydryl properties

two of these groups can react to forming covalent bonds and crosslinking of cysteines

cysteine

important sulfur containing amino acid

phosphate structure

a phosphorus atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms ( three single bonds and one double bond) with one being bonded to another atom

phosphate properties

contributes negative charge to the molecule when it is apart (two at the end of a molecule and one when located internally chain of phosphate and the potential to react with water, increasing energy

methyl structure

three hydrogen atoms bonded to one central atom

methyl properties

non polar because they are unable to form hydrogen bonds which results in hydrophobic - can't interact with polar compounds (water)

amino structure

one nitrogen atom with two hydrogen atoms with single bonds

amino properties

acts as a base: cna pick up H+ from water in organisms and ionized with a charge of 1+