AP Psych: Social & Emotional Development

What does attachment mean?

• it’s an emotional bond between child and primary caregiver

• affects social and emotional growth if disrupted

What is imprinting?

• theory that attachment happens immediatley after birth

• true in animals

• false in humans because babies are very near-sighted

what is the Cupboard Theory?

attachment to food source and care for basic necesscities

what was the procedure for “The Strange Situation”?

1. Mom and child

2. Mom, child, and stranger

3. Child and stranger

4. Child reunited with mom

what is a secure attachment as seen in the video?

• when the baby is able to wander/play on their own when the mom is in the room

• when the stranger is there, the baby clings closer to mom

• when mom left, the baby started to cry

• when mom comes back, the baby is soothed

what is separation anxiety?

• when the baby immediately cries when the mom leaves

• good thing because it means tha the baby feels safe with you, so it feels sad when you leave

what is avoidant attachment according to the video? why does it happen? in extreme cases?

• baby is very independent

• when the stranger comes in, baby is not phased and even interacts with stranger

• baby notices when mom leaves but doesn’t seem to care

• mom comes back by baby is still indifferent

• happens because parent isn’t emotionally expressive

• extreme cases: parent is neglecting baby

what is anxious (Anxious-Ambivalent) attachment according to the video? ; what’s the cause?

• Child may or may not engage with toys

• When mom leaves, the child is in distress

• when stranger comes in, the child ignores them and keeps crying

• When mom comes back, child is still in distress

• Cause: inconsistent parent (child's needs have not been met at some point)

what is disorganized (Fearful Avoidant) attachment?

• Specific to children of trauma

• Primary caregiver is a source of comfort and fear at the same time

what was the Harry Harlow study? results?

• baby monkey “raised” by 2 moms with a divider:

  • wire mom made of wire and has a bottle attached to her

  • cloth mom made of wire but is covered with a soft cloth

• monkey chose the cloth mom every time, even tho he was severely malnourished

what is contact comfort? examples?

• physical/emotional connection that forms an attachment between mom and child

• Ex: skin to skin when a baby is born

• ex: punch the monkey and his stuffed animal

what does “cognitive development” mean?

• the brain’s thoughts and patterns

what is a schema? what is it also known as?

• aka concept

• its the mental meaning of things

what does assimilation mean? examples?

• putting something into a concept

• ex: child seeing the ocean and thinking its a big pool bc they’ve only even been in pools

what does accommodation mean? examples?

• adjusting/putting something new into an already-made concept

• ex: seeing an eagle and also a penguin and realizing that they’re both birds

Name the stages and age ranges for Piaget’s stages of cognition.

1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2 y.o)

2. Preoperational (2-6 y.o)

3. Concrete Operational (7-11 y.o)

4. Formal Operational (12- adulthood)

what is the description of the sensorimotor stage? examples?

• babies used their senses and motor skills to learn about the world

• learn to create schemas

• ex: immediately putting everything in their mouth

what do babies develop in the sensorimotor stage?

1. object permanence

   1. the idea that things still exist even if you cannot see them (peek-a-boo)

2. stranger anxiety

   1. babies feeling distress when approached by “strangers”

what is the description of the preoperational stage? examples?

• still struggle with logic and understanding other people’s pov (egocentric thinking)

• still struggle with conservation and reversibility

• ex: if you ask the baby if he has a brother he says “yes, its henry”, but if you ask if henry has a brother, the baby says “no” (egocentric thinking)

• ex: you put water in 2 glasses, a narrow and wider on, but the kid thinks the narrower glass has more water bc its taller

what do babies develop in the preoperational stage?

• animism

  • belief that inanimate objects have feelings and thoughts just like living beings

what is the description of the concrete operational stage? examples?

• children become stronger at using logic

• egocentrism disappears

• still struggle with abstract/hypothetical concepts

• ex: planning a future trip/itinerary

what do babies develop in the concrete operational stage?

• conservation

• simple math (addition/subtraction)

• reversibility

  • ex: water can go from liquid to solid when its frozen

  • ex: 2+3=5 and 5-3=2

what is the description of the formal operational stage? examples?

• increase in logic

• ability to use deductive reasoning

• understanding of abstract idea

name all the stages and approx. age for Erikson’s stages of development

1. trust vs mistrust (infancy/1sy year)

2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler/2nd year)

3. initiative vs guilt (preschooler/3-5 years)

4. competence vs inferiority (elementary/6-13 years)

5. identity vs role confusion (adolescence/13-20’s years)

6. intimacy vs isolation (young adult/20’s-40’s years)

7. generativity vs stagnation (middle adult/40’s-60’s years)

8. integrity vs despair (late adult/late 60’s years +)

what is the description of trust vs mistrust (infancy/1sy year)? positive/negative outcome?

• centered on quality and care child is receiving

• gain food and comfort

• learning to trust caregiver

positive outcome:

• baby develops a sense of hope

• belief that the world is safe and their needs will be met

negative outcome:

• mistrust

• fear

what is the description of autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler/2nd year)? positive/negative outcome?

• learning to care for themselves

  • clothing, feeding, potty training, controlling emotions

postive outcome:

• development of willingness

negative outcome:

• if parents are too controlling, it can lead to shame and self-doubt

what is the description of initiative vs guilt (preschooler/3-5 years)? positive/negative outcome?

• learn sense of purpose

• initiate/Carry out future plans (playing with ___ and actually going thru with it)

positive outcome:

• develop courage to try new things and attempt to achieve their goals

negative outcome:

• if parents are too controlling, it can lead to the child feeling guilty for wanting independence

what is the description of competence vs inferiority (elementary/6-13 years)? positive/negative outcome?

• age where you start to be ranked by your grades (no letter grades yet, just smiley face blah blah)

• learn to gain confidence and apply themselves

positive outcome:

• child believes that they can achieve their goals if they put their mind to it

negative outcome:

• repeated failure/lack of encouragement can lead to low self-esteem

what is the description of identity vs role confusion (adolescence/13-20’s years)? positive/negative outcome?

• self exploration

• testing social norms (emo phase)

positive outcome:

• person has a stable sense of identity

negative outcome:

• peer/parent pressure can cause an identity crisis later in life

• ex: choosing a career bc your parents said so

what is the description of intimacy vs isolation (young adult/20’s-40’s years)? positive/negative outcome?

• young adults seek connections and community through friends and significant others

positive outcome:

• ability to form lasting and meaningful relationships

• no commitment issues

negative outcome:

• commitment issues

• afraid to be vulnerable

what is the description of generativity vs stagnation (middle adult/40’s-60’s years)? positive/negative outcome?

• contribution to society/future generations

• focus on career or parenting

positive outcome:

• develop sense of productivity and seeing the bigger picture of things

negative outcome:

• feeling of unfulfillment because there was no character development/growth

what is the description of integrity vs despair (late adult/late 60’s years +)? positive/negative outcome?

• reflecting on their lives

• questioning if it was all worth it

positive outcome:

• sense of completeness and satisfaction

negative outcome:

• feeling of regret and that their life was a waste

Name Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles.

1. Authoritative

2. Permissive

3. Authoritarian

4. Neglectful (not added until later)

what is an authoritative parenting style? outcome?

• BEST PARENTING STLYE

• parents have rules according the the child’s needs

• attentive and supportive

• still have dicipline

• encourage communication

outcome:

• high confidence

• high self-ethicacy

• responsible

• happy

what is a permissive parenting style? outcome?

• very little rules and boundaries

• “friend first, parent second”

• very attentive

• tries to do everything for you

• ex: mean girls mom

outcome:

• reliant on others

• spoiled

• low self control

• impulsive

• react harshly when things don’t go their way

what is an authoritarian parenting style? outcome?

• Strict rules and strict punishments

• Parents have high expectations (unrealistic for what the kid is capable of)

• Not much support from parents

outcome:

• low self-esteem

• scared of punishment

• rebellious

• develop anxiety

• could be introverted

what is a neglectful parenting style? outcome?

• Parent that is not present

• Not looking out for child’s needs

• Low warmth, little to no responsiveness

outcome:

• low self-esteem

• highly independent

• impulsive

• not good in relationships

• emotional disconnect