International actions to promote sustainability

What are some examples of international actions to promote sustainability? (Kyoto protocol 1997-2005, 1992 Earth Summit)

Kyoto protocol 1997-2005, was an international agreement to reduce all greenhouse gas emissions by 5% from 1990 levels.

1992 Earth Summit, 178 countries voted to accept agenda 21 (voluntary action plan by the UN to promote sustainable development)

What was agreed at COP29

300 billion dollars a year to be contributed to climate finance by 2035, to help developing countries create cleaner economies and adapt to damages caused by climate change

What are some critiques of this agreement? (Dominica)

Estimates by independent economists say this could rise to 1.3 trillion by 2030. Small island states particularly vulnerable.

Dominica lost 226% of it’s GDP in Hurricane Maria in 2017. Funding its recovery through loans, its total debt reportedly increased to 98% of it’s GDP 2 years later.

What were the disagreements with this agreement?

India said this was not enough and was a “parity sum”

Other countries denounced this agreement and reacted negatively, the host country Azerbijan had its Prime Minister claim that Western media had exaggerated the climate crisis.

75% of the increase in emissions are from developing countries, as part of COP rules, these countries cannot be forced or asked to change.

Whats happening with COP30?

COP30, India, China and Trump (USA) not attending.