TEAs Prep

White blood cells contain many _________ because they need to dispose of harmful intruders such as bacteria and viruses.

Lysosomes

Describe cellular respiration

It is an oxidative catabolic activity.

Oxidative catabolic activity is the metabolic process of breaking down complex organic molecules (such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) into smaller units while removing electrons (oxidation) to release energy.

What happens during a contraction of the diaphragm?

A decrease in alveolar pressure

This areteries primary function is to deliver blood to the brain

The carotid artery

Identify each part of the heart

A - Right atrium

B - Left atrium

C - Right ventricle

D - Left ventricle

E - Pulmonary valve

F - Tricuspid valve

G - Mitral valve

H - Aortic valve

J - Aorta

K - Pulmonary artery

L - Pulmonary vein

M - Superior vena cava

N - Inferior vena cava

Describe osteoarthritis

An inflammatory condition of the joints brought on by the gradual wear-and-tear of cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones.

These cause bone matrix synthesis and calcification

Osteoblasts

These absorb bone tissue during growth and healing

Osteoclasts

What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?

It consists of non-specific barriers and cellular responses

What is an intensive property? Give an example

A physical quantity that depends only on the type of matter and not the amount. This means it remains constant regardless of the sample size.

Examples: density, temperature, pressure, concentration

What is the correct volume from this image?

50 mL

In the graduated cylinder above, you’ll notice that the liquid curves up at the sides of the glass. This curvature is called the meniscus, and volume measurements are read from the bottom of the meniscus.

Which bond mainly forms the secondary protein structure?

Hydrogen bond

Which digestive organ contains vitamin-producing bacteria?

The large intestine contains a diverse population of bacteria that play an essential role in digestion and overall health

This is also known as the “voice box”

The larynx

Which blood vessel delivers blood directly into the right atrium?

Vena cava

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

1 - Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava

2 - Into the right atrium

3 - through the tricuspid valve

4 - Into the right ventricle

5 - Through the pulmonary valve

8 - To the body through the pulmonary arteries

9 - Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins

10 - To the left atrium

10- Through the mitral (bicuspid) valve

11 - Into the left ventricle

12- Through the aortic valve

13 - To the body through the aorta

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is essential in regulating blood pressure. Which hormone is involved in RAAS and is produced by the kidney?

Renin

In the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, which of the following ions bind to troponin and initiate actin-myosin binding?

Calcium

True or False: The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases of a substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

True

What is a phase diagram?

A phase diagram is a graphical representation showing the stable states of matter — solid, liquid, or gas — of a substance under specific temperature (T) and pressure (P) conditions.

What is positive feedback?

The mechanism of glandular secretion in which stimulation results in continuous production of a hormone above the normal level.

What is negative feedback?

A homeostatic control mechanism where the body detects a change in a physiological variable (e.g., high temperature) and activates mechanisms to reverse that trend, restoring stability.

Describe the mechanical process of normal breathing during expiration

The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward, while the intercostal muscles relax and move the ribs downward

Describe the mechanical process of normal breathing during inspiration

The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards, while the intercostal muscles contract and expand the thoracic cavity

What is responsible for production progesterone in preparation for pregnancy?

Corpus luteum - the temporary endocrine organ formed after ovulation, which secretes progesterone in preparation for a possible pregnancy.

This endocrine gland has an exocrine function that aids in regulating levels of glucose in the blood

The pancreas

This organ functions as both the implantation site of a fertilized ovum and the pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes

The uterus

Atomic mass does not include ________ in its calculation. The atomic number of an element is the number of ___________.

Electrons; protons

How do hydrogen bonds form?

They form between a partial positively charged region on one molecule and the partial negatively charged region on another molecule

What would be the approximate mass of a car?

1,800 kg

It’s good to have a relative idea of the scale of various objects. The average mass of a human is around 60 kg. The average mass of a car is 1,800 kg, and the average mass of a laptop is 2.5 kg.

When DNA is being transcribed, it is read in codons. How many bases does each codon contain?

3

True or false: Osmosis moves water molecules mostly through the phospholipid heads of the cell membrane

False

How do blood vessel enter and exit the kidney?

They enter and exit at the same point as the renal pelvis becomes the ureter, which is the renal hilum

Describe the order of the heart’s primary valves in which blood passes through them

Tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar valve, bicuspid (mitral), aortic semilunar valve

Give an example of passive immunity

Temporary immunity brought by introduction of antibodies to a disease from another person

This is the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs

Ventilation

This is the chemical process in which a molecule loses electrons

Oxidation

What enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the formation of glucose and galactose?

Lactase - Lactose intolerance is caused by a shortage of lactase enzymes, which causes an inability to digest lactose and results in digestive symptoms.

True or false: Double-blind experiments have two control variables

False - The goal of a double-blind experiment is to reduce or eliminate biases from both the researcher and their subjects. This is done by keeping which treatments patients receive a secret from both the researcher and the subject

This is the topmost cervical vertebra (C1) in the neck and allows you to move your head up and down in a “yes” movement

Atlas

This is the second cervical vertebra (C2) in the neck and allows you to move your head side to side in a “no” movement

Axis

Which organelle plays a vital role in the breaking down of macromolecules?

Lysosomes - contains digestive enzymes

This condition would exhibit an increase in lung compliance

Emphysema - Lung compliance is a measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand (distensibility). An increase in compliance means the lungs stretch more easily but often lack the elastic recoil necessary to return to their original shape.

In the digestive system, what is the stomach’s function?

To secrete pepsinogen for protein digestion

What is the role of acetylcholine in muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine binds to the membrane receptor in the sarcolemma and facilitates opening of the sodium channels.

This is where the maturation os male gametes (sperm) takes place

Epididymis

What is aldosterone and what produces it?

A steroid mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and fluid volume

Where is water reabsorbed in the nephron?

Primarily in the proximal convoluted tube (PCT) and the loop of Henle via osmosis. Reabsorption also occurs in the collecting duct under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

Activation of B and T lymphocytes and production of memory lymphocytes are specific cellular responses by what?

The internal aspect of the adaptive immune system

What antigen-specific immune cells produce cytokines, which facilitate various immune reactions?

Helper T-cells

True or false: Osmosis involves a selectively permeable membrane

True

What is the correct sequence in which these steps take place?

1. Differing survival rates when faced with environmental challenges.

2. Preservation of genetic traits of best-adapted offspring.

3. Overproduction of offspring that have different variations in genetic traits.

3, 1, 2

Describe what would happen during a period of hyperventilation

Decreased carbon dioxide levels result in an increase in pH

What is the normal pH range of human blood?

Between 7.35 and 7.45

Secretion from these glands that, when released, has an odor with a possible pheromone function in humans

Apocrine sweat glands

These glands produce sweat necessary for evaporative cooling

Eccrine glands

These glands produce oil that moisturizes the hair and skin

Sebaceous glands

These glands produce a sticky barrier that prevents foreign bodies and insects from entering the ears.

Ceruminous glands

This joint allows motion around a single axis and only permits flexion and extension

Hinge joint

This joint is highly mobile and has a rounded bone head fitting into a concave depression

Ball-and-socket joint

Describe the differences between tissue, organ, organ system, and individual organism

Tissue - a group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Organ - a structure composed of different tissues working together.

Organ system - made up of multiple organs working together.

Individual organism - refers to the whole living being, not a level of organization within the body.

This hormone is primarily responsible for triggering ovulation in the female reproductive system

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

This hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

This hormone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and prepares the uterine lining

Estrogen

This hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy after ovulation

Progesterone

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for processing information and coordinating voluntary muscle movements?

Central nervous system (CNS)

What part of the nervous system is responsible for all nerves outside the CNS and carries information to and from the CNS, but does not process it?

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Describe the autonomic nervous system

Controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and digestion

Describe the somatic nervous system

Controls voluntary movements, but operates through signals transmitted between muscles and the CNS

Which of the following structures is NOT involved in the formation of urine within the nephron?

Collecting duct, loop of Henle, Bowman’s capsule, glomerulus

Loop of Henle - plays a crucial role in concentrating urine; it mainly reabsorbs water and solutes, making it part of the process, but not directly forming urine filtrate.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

Regulation of blood pressure, excretion of waste products, production of bile, balance of electrolytes and fluids

Production of bile - bile is produced in the LIVER and stored in the GALLBLADDER

Describe the role of DNA in protein synthesis

DNA provides the instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins

Which macromolecule is made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds?

Protein

What property of a solution describes the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent?

Concentration

Describe bases and acids

Acid - a substance that donates protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, pH of 6 or less (stomach acid)

Base - a substance that accepts protons (H+) in a chemical reaction, pH of 8 or more (baking soda, ammonia)

Neutral - 7 (water, blood)