ICT and Information Technologies Lecture Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering ICT infrastructure, Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, Access), HTML web development, cybersecurity, and advanced topics in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.

Information and communication technologies (ICT)

A wide range of digital technologies used to create, transfer, and disseminate information and services, including hardware, software, and the Internet.

What is the main essence of data management?

The effective collection, storage, processing, protection, and use of data to support accurate decision-making.

Electronic Medical Record (EMR)

A digital version of a patient’s medical history maintained by healthcare providers.

Standardization Organizations

The three main organizations developing standards in the field of information technology: ISO, IEC, and ITU.

Information

Information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena, and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation.

MS Word File Name Limit

The name of a file in MS Word must not exceed $255$ characters.

Ribbon

A line in MS Word where the group of commands is located.

Table

A grid of rows and columns that intersect to form cells.

Page Orientation Types

The two types of orientation in Word are landscape and portrait.

MS Excel Basic Element

The cell is the basic element of an Excel spreadsheet.

Relative Cell Address

An Excel address that contains the row number and column name (e.g., $A1$).

Absolute Cell Address

An Excel address that remains constant when copied, denoted with dollar signs (e.g., $\$A\$1$).

Formula Bar

An area in MS Excel that displays the contents of the active cell.

Logic Functions

Functions such as IF, FALSE, and TRUE used for decision-making logic in Excel.

NAME!

An error value that appears in MS Excel when a cell name in a formula is invalid or a range name is typed incorrectly.

NUM!

An Excel error caused by an invalid argument in a function.

Primary Key

A field or set of fields in MS Access that uniquely identifies each record in a table.

Record

The rows of an MS Access table.

Field

The columns of an MS Access table.

Form

An object in MS Access used for user data entry and editing.

Report

An object in MS Access used to print data based on queries or tables.

Database

A collection of information organized so that it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.

Tag

A defined element in HTML enclosed between angle brackets $< >$.

Attributes

Components of an HTML tag consisting of a name and a value.

HEAD Section

The header section of an HTML document.

href Parameter

An attribute in HTML that determines the destination of a link.

HTML List Types

The main types of lists provided in HTML: Bulleted (UL), Numbered (OL), and Definition (DL) lists.

E-mail protocols

Protocols used for e-mail include POP3 and IMAP for receiving and SMTP for sending messages.

Computer Virus

A program that can self-replicate and attach themselves to computer systems or networks without user knowledge.

Stealth Virus

A virus that actively hides itself from antivirus software by temporarily removing itself from infected files and placing a copy elsewhere.

Retrovirus

A computer virus that actively attacks an anti-virus program to prevent detection.

Polymorphic Virus

A virus that encrypts and changes its coding to make detection harder.

Cryptography

A method of protecting information by transforming messages in ways that are hard to decipher.

Cryptanalysis

The study of methods focused on deciphering encrypted data without knowledge of the enciphering details.

Symmetric Cryptosystems

Cryptosystems that use a single secret key for both encryption and decryption.

Asymmetric Cryptosystems

Also known as public-key cryptosystems, these use a public key for everyone and a private key known only to the recipient.

Electronic Signature

Digital data attached to a document as verification of its authenticity, ownership, and immutability.

Vector Graphics

Graphics composed of paths rather than pixels.

Raster Graphics

Graphics composed of individual pixels.

Resolution

A term referring to the sharpness or clarity of an image.

Multimedia

The integration of still and moving images, text, and sounds by means of computer technology.

Virtual Reality

An artificially created world in which a person is immersed.

E-government

A system providing direct communication between the population and the government.

Generative Artificial Intelligence

AI that can create new content, such as text, images, audio, or code, based on learned patterns.

Transformer architecture

The underlying algorithm for modern large language models (LLM).

Token

A basic unit of text, such as a word or part of a word, used by a language model.

Prompt

An input instruction or query given to an AI model.

Embedding

A numerical vector representation of data that captures meaning.

Machine Learning

A direction in computer science aimed at creating self-analysis algorithms based on empirical data.

Supervised Learning

Learning from labeled data where input–output pairs are known; includes classification and regression.

Unsupervised Learning

A type of machine learning that uses unlabeled data, often employing clustering methods like K-means.

Deep Learning

A subset of machine learning that uses multi-layer neural networks.

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

A field of AI that enables computers to understand and process human language.

Computer Vision

The ability of a computer to analyze images and automatically recognize objects.