ABio Final Study
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148 Terms
What does selectively permeable mean?
The membrane only allows certain molecules to pass through.
What kinds of molecules can pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer?
Small, nonpolar molecules.
Why can’t large or charged molecules easily pass through the membrane?
The hydrophobic tails and charged phosphate heads block them.
What do phospholipids do?
They form the cell membrane and help control what enters/exits the cell.
What do membrane proteins do?
They transport molecules that cannot pass through the bilayer on their own.
What do carbohydrates on the membrane help with?
Cell recognition, especially in the immune system.
What does cholesterol do in the membrane?
Controls membrane fluidity and permeability.
More cholesterol means the membrane is…
Less fluid and less permeable.
What is diffusion?
Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a membrane from high to low water concentration.
What is facilitated diffusion?
Passive movement of large/polar molecules through a protein channel from high to low concentration.
What is active transport?
Movement from low to high concentration using ATP and a protein pump.
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, ATP.
What is endocytosis?
The cell membrane folds inward to bring large materials into the cell.
What is exocytosis?
A vesicle fuses with the membrane to push materials out of the cell.
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all…
Passive transport.
Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis are all…
Active transport processes.
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water, and light energy.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
To make glucose, which stores energy for plants.
Where does photosynthesis occur?
In the chloroplast.
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
What are the reactants of cellular respiration?
Glucose and oxygen.
What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To make ATP energy for the organism.
Where does cellular respiration occur?
Mainly in the mitochondria; the first stage begins in the cytoplasm.
How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?
The products of one are the reactants of the other.
Photosynthesis is endergonic because…
It stores energy and requires light energy input.
Cellular respiration is exergonic because…
It releases energy from glucose.
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate.
What is ATP used for?
It provides energy for cellular/metabolic tasks.
What are the parts of ATP?
Adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups.
What happens in G1 phase?
The cell grows and carries out normal functions.
What happens in S phase?
DNA is replicated.
What happens in G2 phase?
Cell growth continues and the cell prepares for division.
What happens during mitosis?
The nucleus divides.
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm divides.
What happens in prophase?
Nuclear envelope dissolves, chromosomes form, spindle forms.
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
What happens in telophase?
Nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense, spindle dissolves.
What type of cells undergo mitosis?
Body cells, also called somatic cells.
Why is mitosis important?
Growth, repair, and producing identical body cells.
Why must chromosome number stay constant in mitosis?
So daughter cells have the correct genetic information.
How can cancer develop?
Mutations disrupt cell cycle checkpoints, allowing damaged cells to keep dividing.
What does meiosis produce?
Haploid gametes.
How many cells does meiosis produce?
Four genetically unique haploid cells.
What does mitosis produce?
Two identical diploid cells.
What are gametes?
Sex cells, such as sperm and egg.
Why is meiosis important for fertilization?
It reduces chromosome number by half so fertilization restores the diploid number.
What is a zygote?
The cell formed after fertilization.
How does sexual reproduction increase biodiversity?
It creates genetically unique offspring through gamete formation and crossing over.
What is crossing over?
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
What are the four DNA bases?
A, T, C, and G.
What does A pair with in DNA?
T.
What does C pair with in DNA?
G.
What bonds hold DNA base pairs together?
Hydrogen bonds.
What bonds hold the DNA backbone together?
Covalent bonds.
What does antiparallel mean?
DNA strands run in opposite directions: one 5’ to 3’, the other 3’ to 5’.
How are DNA, genes, and chromosomes related?
DNA contains genes, and genes are packaged into chromosomes.
What is semiconservative replication?
Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
What enzyme unzips DNA?
Helicase.
What does helicase break?
Hydrogen bonds between base pairs.
What does primase do?
Places RNA primers so DNA polymerase knows where to start.
What does DNA polymerase do?
Builds the new DNA strand.
What does ligase do?
Glues lagging strand fragments together.
How is RNA different from DNA?
RNA is single-stranded, has U instead of T, and has a different sugar.
What base does RNA use instead of thymine?
Uracil.
What is a codon?
A group of 3 mRNA nucleotides.
What is an anticodon?
A group of 3 tRNA nucleotides that matches the codon.
Where does transcription occur?
In the nucleus.
What is made during transcription?
mRNA.
What enzyme makes mRNA?
RNA polymerase.
During transcription, DNA A becomes…
RNA U.
During transcription, DNA T becomes…
RNA A.
During transcription, DNA C becomes…
RNA G.
During transcription, DNA G becomes…
RNA C.
Where does translation occur?
At ribosomes.
What happens during translation?
mRNA is read and tRNA brings amino acids to build a protein.
What is gene expression?
Using DNA instructions to make RNA and then proteins/traits.
What is the end product of replication?
Two identical DNA molecules.
What is the end product of transcription?
RNA.
What is the end product of translation?
A protein/amino acid chain.
What is a point mutation?
One base is changed.
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that still codes for the same amino acid.
What is a frameshift mutation?
A deletion or insertion shifts the reading frame.
Why are frameshift mutations often serious?
They change every codon after the mutation.
In complete dominance, what happens?
One allele completely masks the other.
If red is dominant to white, what phenotype is Rr?
Red.
What is incomplete dominance?
The heterozygous phenotype is a blend of both traits.
If black fur and white fur show incomplete dominance, what is BW?
Gray fur.
What is codominance?
Both alleles are fully expressed.
If brown and black fur are codominant, what is Bb?
Brown and black spotted fur.
What is a polygenic trait?
A trait controlled by multiple genes.
Why is skin color polygenic?
Many genes contribute to the final skin color.
What are multiple alleles?
More than two possible alleles exist for a trait in a population.
Blood type is an example of…
Multiple alleles.
What are the blood type alleles?
AA, AO,AB,BB,BO,OO
What blood type is oo?
Type O.