Study Guide BIO UNIT 6

How do multicellular organisms grow?

Through cellular division and differentiation.

What is the difference between Chromatin and Chromosomes?

Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus, while chromosomes are condensed structures of DNA that form during cell division.

What are the phases of Mitosis and Interphase?

Mitosis includes Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase; Interphase includes G1, S (DNA synthesis), and G2 phases.

What are the structures of a chromosome?

A chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined at a centromere.

How do Prokaryotic cells reproduce?

Through a process called binary fission.

What is contact inhibition?

A process that stops cells from dividing when they come into contact with each other.

What are Cyclins?

Cyclins are proteins that regulate the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases.

How does cancer form?

Cancer forms from uncontrolled cell division, often due to mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle.

What is a tumor?

A tumor is a mass of tissue formed by abnormally dividing cells.

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

The cell cycle includes Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).

What is the difference between chromosomes in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome, while Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes.

What are internal and external regulators?

Internal regulators check the cell cycle from inside, while external regulators respond to signals from outside the cell; for example, growth factors are external regulators.

What is a stem cell?

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that can differentiate into specialized cells; adult stem cells are limited in differentiation compared to embryonic stem cells.

What are the differences between adult and embryonic stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cell type, while adult stem cells are usually limited to specific tissue types.