Anatomy and Physiology: Integumentary and Skeletal Systems

Epidermis epithelial classification

Stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular

Without blood vessels

Most abundant epidermal cells

Keratinocytes

Epidermal layers (deep to superficial)

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

Stratum lucidum location

Palms of the hands and soles of the feet (thick skin only)

Function of dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

Allow for stronger attachment, grip, and friction

Function of hemidesmosomes

Anchor epithelial cells to the basement membrane

Epidermal layer containing dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Stratum spinosum

Epidermal layer with the most cell layers

Stratum corneum

Insensible vs. sensible perspiration

Insensible is unnoticeable water loss; sensible is noticeable sweating from active glands

Two layers of the dermis

Papillary layer (superficial) and reticular layer (deep)

Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin primarily involving the papillary layer of the dermis

Dermal fibers for strength and elasticity

Collagen fibers (strength) and elastic fibers (stretch/recoil)

Poor skin turgor (peaked skin when pinched)

A sign of dehydration

Tension lines and scarring

Cuts at right angles to tension lines cause greater scarring than parallel cuts

Dermal blood supply plexuses

Cutaneous plexus (deep) and subpapillary plexus (superficial)

Primary component of the hypodermis

Adipose tissue

Primary determinant of skin color

Melanin

Albinism

Disorder where melanocytes are present but cannot produce melanin

Carotene conversion

Can be converted to Vitamin A

Cyanosis

Pale, bluish skin caused by reduced blood flow or poorly oxygenated blood

Jaundice

Yellow skin and eyes occurring when the liver cannot excrete bile

Vitiligo

Patchy white skin areas where melanocytes are lost

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) production

Produced by epidermal cells exposed to UV radiation from sunlight

Function of calcitriol

Essential for calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the small intestine

Rickets

Vitamin D3 deficiency in children resulting in abnormally weak, flexible bones

Most dangerous form of skin cancer

Malignant melanoma

ABCDE mnemonic for melanoma

Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolving

Muscle that produces 'goose bumps'

Arrector pili muscle

Three layers of hair (superficial to deep)

Cuticle, cortex, medulla

Common name for decubitus ulcers

Bedsores

Glands that produce sebum

Sebaceous glands (holocrine exocrine glands)

Glands responsible for body odor

Apocrine sweat glands

Glands responsible for sensible perspiration

Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

Cerumen

Earwax, produced by ceruminous glands

Common name for the eponychium

Cuticle

Integument layer required for permanent tattoos

Dermis

Third-degree (full-thickness) burns

Destroy epidermis and dermis, extending into subcutaneous layer; requires grafting

Rule of nines

Method to estimate the percentage of body surface area burned

Five major functions of the skeletal system

Support, mineral/lipid storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage

Hydroxyapatite crystals vs. collagen in bone

Hydroxyapatite crystals provide strength; collagen fibers provide flexibility

Osteoblasts

Immature bone cells responsible for secreting organic bone matrix

Osteoclasts

Multinucleate cells that secrete acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Canaliculi

Tiny passageways in bone matrix allowing osteocytes to communicate and receive nutrients

Osteon

The basic histological unit of compact bone

Red bone marrow function

Hematopoiesis (producing red blood cells)

Yellow bone marrow function

Serves as an energy reserve (made of adipose tissue)

Ossification vs. calcification

Ossification is bone tissue formation; calcification is matrix hardening with calcium salts

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation that replaces a hyaline cartilage model

Appositional vs. interstitial bone growth

Appositional increases diameter; interstitial increases length

Bone remodeling

Ongoing process of breaking down old bone and building new bone

Calcitonin function

Lowers blood calcium levels when they are too high

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function

Raises blood calcium levels when they fall below normal

Osteopenia

Inadequate ossification leading to insufficient bone formation

Osteoporosis

Condition of decreased bone mass making bones brittle and fragile

Foramen magnum location

Occipital bone

Sella turcica location and function

Sphenoid bone; houses the pituitary gland

Cribriform plate function

Part of the ethmoid bone involved in olfaction (smell)

Soft spot on newborns

Anterior fontanelle

Primary vs. secondary spinal curves

Primary (thoracic, sacral) appear in fetal development; secondary (cervical, lumbar) develop after birth

Vertebral body function

Transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column

Floating ribs

Rib pairs 11-12, which lack anterior articulation

Three parts of the sternum (superior to inferior)

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Only joint between axial skeleton and pectoral girdle

Sternoclavicular joint (between clavicle and manubrium)

Glenoid cavity

Cup-shaped scapula structure that articulates with the humerus head

Forearm bones in anatomical position

Ulna is medial; radius is lateral

Pollex

The thumb

Three bones fusing to form the coxal bone

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Acetabulum

Spherical region on lateral hip bone formed by ilium, ischium, and pubis

Pubic symphysis composition

Fibrocartilage

Longest and heaviest bone in the body

Femur

Non-weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

Fibula

Largest tarsal bone

Calcaneus (heel bone)

Hallux

The big toe (great toe)

Pubic angle differences by sex

Under 90 degrees in males; 100 degrees or more in females