Adult Development and Aging

Despite the benefits of hormone replacement therapy for certain symptoms, the use of hormone replacement therapy for five or more years:

Has been shown to slightly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancers, heart disease, stroke, and blood clots in the lungs

What is the most widely recognized way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness?

Aerobic exercise

All of the following are results of changes to the digestive system with age except

Angina

Using memory aids to improve recall is an example of a(n)

Assimilative strategy

Which of the following is NOT a change to the heart that occurs naturally with age?

The amount of blood your heart pumps increases

All of the following are normal age-related changes to the eye except

Cataracts

According to the SOC model, using a cane to assist with walking is what type of a strategy?

Compensation

What “ism” is thought to be one of the last socially acceptable prejudice

Ageism

Menopause marks the beginning of a hormonal change that increases the risk of all the following except

Osteoarthritis

What percentage of longevity is due to genes?

25%

Which of the following is not a key principle to the study of aging?

Multi-focused

Andropause is different from menopause in that

Not all men will experience it

What is the term used to describe an event that most people in a specific area or culture experienced at the same time?

An environmental influence

Martin has presbycusis. Which of the following spoken words will he have the MOST trouble understanding?

Soft

What plays an important role in cell division?

Telomeres

According to NG (2021), which media format contained the highest level of ageism?

Magazines

The Lifepath Research Consortium investigated the effects of socioeconomic inequalities of longevity and found that

Unfavourable socioeconomic conditions present from birth affect how old you will get

The Baby Boom cohort is significant because

All of the above

What might be the most important factor that has an effect on your health and happiness?

Perceived age

Older adults who hold positive views of aging

Live better and longer

Dr. Martin believes that aging is dependent on a biological clock. Which type of theory of aging does Dr.Martin support?

A programmed theory of aging

According to the PEACE Model proposed by Levy, the two ways to reduce ageism are:

Education about aging and positive contact with older adults

Which immune system develops with exposure to a specific pathogen?

Adaptive immune system

What do people who live well into old age NOT have in common?

Similar education

Which of the following would a 70-year-old woman with presbyphonia have in comparison to when she was 40 years old?

A lower pitched voice

Sharon is 42 and has noticed that her vision is not as good as it was in her 20s. She now needs reading glasses to read small print. What type of aging is Sharon experiencing?

Primary aging

The brain shrinks with age largely due to

Decreases in the volume of the cerebral cortex

Among those over the age of 65, which age group is growing the quickest?

80 and older

Which of the following is not an influence on Lifespan development?

Naturalistic-graded events

Which of the following has contributed the MOST to the aging of the world’s population?

A decline in birth rates in G7 countries

What was a significant change to the study of aging in Canada in the past decade?

The establishment of the Canadian Institute of Health Research

Presbyopia is

Difficulty seeing up close

Which of the following terms should not be used the addressing older people?

Elderly

Intrinsic aging is due to

Gradual changes due to the passage of time

According to Terror Management Theory,

Some hold ageist beliefs because it helps us deal with the anxiety that we may have about our own death

An age-related macular degeneration, where does the vision impairment occur?

Centre of the eye

What is the most serious and fatal osteoporosis related fracture?

Hip

According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, what are the two most prevalent diseases among older Canadians?

Hypertension and periodontal disease

Decreases in the hippocampus have been associated with deficits in

Episodic memory

Rheumatoid Arthritis is different than osteoarthritis because

It affects joints on both sides of the body

Which of the following is NOT a social determinant of health?

Parent’s health status

What is the most common type of stroke?

Ischemic

Alcohol is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen (cancer causing substance) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. This risk is increasingly high in an individual who consumes ________ or more standard drinks a week.

6

Where does osteoarthritis usually develop?

Smaller joints of the finger, the weight-bearing joints of the leg, the neck, moveable parts of the spine

Age related declines in working memory seem to depend on

Task complexity and type of task

Cognitive reserve is influenced by all the following except

Parent’s level of education

Chronic disease patterns vary by sex. What diseases are most likely to affect older women

Osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis

Which three brain structures experience considerable shrinkage with age?

Frontal cortex, hippocampus, parietal lobe

What is the most common type of heart disease?

Coronary artery disease

Which of the following concepts are MOST central to HAROLD?

Bilateralization and compensation

Which neurotransmitters are most likely to change with age?

Dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine

Use of the terms “honey” and “cutie pie” are both examples of

Elder-speak

According to the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, which of the following is the leading cause of premature deaths among women?

Cardiovascular disease

Which of the following social determinants of health is NOT associated with better overall cognitive functioning?

Level of education

Women experience angina differently than men which can delay treatment. The most common symptom in women is

Stabbing pain

Personal wisdom has been associated with all of the following except

Longevity

Which of the following was found in the Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS)?

There is no uniform pattern of age-related decline in intelligence

Which of the following is not thought to account in part for declines in episodic memory with age?

Inability to inhibit information

Angina is

A warning sign that the heart is under stress

In general, older adults’ perception of their health status is influenced by

All of the above

What is termed the “silent killer”?

Hypertension

Dr. Lee is conducting a longitudinal study examining changes in different types of memory as people age. Dr. Lee is MOST likely to observe changes in which types of memory?

Working memory and episodic memory

Changes to the white matter are clinical markers for all of the following except

Mortality

Which of the following is not a normal age-related change to vision?

Cataracts

Why is it challenging to diagnose heart disease in women?

All of the above

The difference between a heart attack and cardiac arrest is that in a heart attack

The heart is still beating, blood is still flowing to other parts of the body, and the person is still alive

Neuroimaging studies tell us that

Older adults show activation in both the left and right prefrontal areas when engaged in a cognitive task

Which of the following is MOST related to the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state?

Semantic memory

Older adults face many disparities in care including

All of the above

What are the most common causes of COPD?

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

A recent study investigating health related quality of life (HRQOL) across the provinces of Canada found that

The regions with the lowest HRQOL were the prairies and western Ontario

Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging looking at successful aging among immigrants, Ho et al. (2022) found that

Older immigrants had a lower prevalence of successful aging

What three factors can influence assessment

Biases of the healthcare provider, environmental factors, personal factors such as ESL

Women live longer than men

Despite the fact that many social determinants of health are worse for women than men

Which of the following profoundly influences life expectancy?

Income

Han and colleagues concluded that the increase in cannabis use is driven largely by those

Who do not have multiple chronic conditions

In Canada, which of the following factors did not account for some of the increases in disabilities between 2017 and 2022?

Heart disease

What is the leading cause of injury-related hospital stays among older adults?

Falls

Which of the following does Chapter 7 refer to as a social determinant of POOR mental health?

All of the above

Which of the following has not been identified as a barrier to diagnosing anxiety in older adults?

Older adults are very knowledgeable about anxiety

Which of the following could have caused Ahmad’s primary psychosis?

Schizophrenia

What are “Blue Zones”?

Places in the world where people consistently live longer than the expected age

Where do most people with a disability live?

Low- and middle-income countries

What is the highest ranked barrier to seeking mental health treatment for older adults?

The belief that a qualified therapist would be unavailable

Which of the following factors was NOT found to affect Quality of Life?

Poor sleep

Canada comes out lower than other countries on all of the following indicators EXCEPT

Healthcare infrastructure

We know that rates of depression are lowest for older adults in general but they are very high in which setting?

Long-term care

What does the research show with regard to the effects of social support on longevity?

Social support increases longevity, regardless of whether you are female or male

Which country has regions that have the lowest life expectancy?

Africa

Pat was brought into the ER when a neighbour found her wandering the streets talking to herself and pointing to things that were not there. Which of the following must physicians rule out before making a diagnosis of primary psychosis?

Delirium

One of the most important pharmacokinetic changes associate with aging is

Changes to the kidney

IN 2023, which age group reported the least amount of drinking?

18-22

Which of the following was proposed to reduce the cost of LTC?

Shift more services to Home Care

In their systematic review of the literature of successful aging from multiple culture and countries, Reich and colleagues found

Social engagement and positive attitudes was mentioned most consistently as important factors for successful aging

According to the Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults aged 65 and older, how much exercise should an older adult be getting weekly?

150 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise a week

What age group do people around the world have the HIGHEST suicide rate?

70 years and older

Dr. Reynold suggests that advances in modern medicine have postponed the average age at which people become disabled and shortened the duration of their disability. Which of the following hypotheses is consistent with Dr. Reynold’s proposition?

Compression of morbidity

All of the following are possible causes of the healthy immigrant effect EXCEPT

Health habits practiced by immigrants after they immigrate

Frank is 84 years old and his new caregiver has been informed that Frank needs help with ALL his instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs). This means that Frank definitely needs the caregiver’s help with which of the following?

Shopping

Which term refers to the absorption, distribution, and clearance of a drug?

Pharmacokinetics