exam 5 endocrine pt 2

Posterior vs anterior pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary gland stores/releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

The anterior pituitary gland controls other glands.

Where are T3 and T4 produced?

Thyroid follicular cells

What is the target of T3/T4?

Most body cells

What is the major effect of T3/T4?

Increase BMR and metabolism

T3/T4 are essential for what developmental process?

Growth and nervous system development

What does calcitonin do?

lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate excretion by the kidneys into urine, inhibits osteoclasts

Which cells of the thyroid secrete calcitonin?

extrafollicular (Parafollicular) cells

How does calcitonin lower blood calcium?

Inhibits osteoclasts and promotes calcium deposition in bone

What hormone raises blood calcium?

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Where is PTH produced?

In the parathyroid gland

What organs does PTH target?

Bone, kidney, intestine

What vitamin does PTH activate?

Vitamin D

Calcitonin vs PTH

opposite effects on blood calcium.

Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium

PTH: increases blood calcium

what happens if you have low PTH?

hypoparathyroidism and tetany

What if you have high levels of PTH?

Hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia

What is hyperthyroidism?

Overactivity of the thyroid. Causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating in adults.

What is hypothyroidism?

Underactivity of the thyroid. Causes low metabolic rate, fatigue, and weight gain in adults. In infants causes cretinism: poor growth and bone formation

Disorder, low level for calictonin?

Clinically minor

Calcitonin disorder high levels:

Rare

What hormones are released by the renal medulla?

Epinephrin and norepinephrine

What situations are epinephrine and norepinephrin used in?

In times of fight-or-flight

What is the main function of epinephrin?

Fight or flight response

What are the effects of norepinephrine & epinephrin?

increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood glucose, dilate airways, decrease digestive activities.

Difference between epinephrine and norepinephrin?

Norepinephrine primarily constricts blood vessels to maintain blood pressure vs epinephrin raises blood glucose and vasodilates

What areas do epinephrin/ NE target?

heart/vessels/lung

What happens when you have low levels of NE/Epinephrin?

Addisonian crisis (hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)

What happens when you have high levels of NE/Eprinephrin?

Pheochromocytoma

Where is aldosterone produced?

The Zona glomerulosa (outer layer of adrenal cortex)

What organ does aldosterone target?

kidneys

What ions are retained by aldosterone?

Sodium

What Ion is excreted by aldosterone?

Potassium

What happens when you have low levels of Aldosterone?

Addisons diease (adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and aldosterone)

What happens if you have high levels of Aldosterone?

Conns syndrome

Where is cortisol produced?

middle layer of adrenal cortex

What hormone is released during stress?

Cortisol

What does cortisol do to blood glucose?

Raises it

Functions of adrenal cortex hormones: cortsiol

Increases blood amino acids, promotes fat breakdown for energy, stimulates glucose production in the liver to raise blood sugar.

What happens with low disorder levels of cortisol?

Addisons disease

What happens when there are extreme high levels of cortisol?

Cushing syndrome

Where is insulin produced from?

the pancreas (beta cells)

What does insulin target?

Liver, muscle, adipose

What does insulin do?

Lowers blood glucose, glycogen, & fat synthesis

What happens when you have low insulin?

Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

What produces glucagon?

Alpha cells from Pancreas

What is glucagons main effect?

Raises blood sugar

What organ does glucagon target?

The liver

What happens with low levels of glucagon?

Hypoglycemia

What happens with high levels of glucagon?

glucagonoma (rare)

Hormones of the anterior lobe:

Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), LH, FSH

Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland:

Oxcytocin & ADH

Describe mineralocorticoids:

Regulate electrolyte levels, made in zona glomerulus (outside adrenal cortex)

Describe glucocorticoids:

Hormones that regulate blood sugar, mad in zona fasiculata (larger middle area)

Describe gonadocorticoids:

sex hormones made by adrenals

What does the pineal gland do?

Secretes melatonin. Released at night, but is supressed during the day.

What does the thymus gland do?

Secretes thymosins, that affect production and differentiation of T lymphocytes (which are important in immunity). Gland is largest with children and shrinks with age.

What disorder can one have with low levels of ADH?

Diabetes inspidius

What does GH target?

liver/tissues

What does TSH target?

The liver

What does TSH stimulate?

Stimulates T3/T4 release

What does leptin target?

The hypthalamus

Where does leptin come from?

Adipose tissue

What is the primary effect of leprin?

Controls appetite by binding to neurons in hypothalamus, and increases metabolism

What happens with leptin resistance?

Obesity

Where does EPO produced?

The kidneys

What does EPO target?

Red bone marrow

What is the primary effect of EPO?

RBC production

Where is ANP produced?

Cardiac atria

What does ANP target?

Kidneys/adrenals

What is the primary effect of ANP?

Lowers blood pressure, Na+ secretion (opposes RAAS)

WHat happens with low levels of ANP?

Fluid overlook risk

What would low levels of oxytocin cause?

Weak labor

What does oxyctocin target?

Uterus/breast

What disorder could you receive from high levels of ADH?

SIADH, hyponatremia

What disorder can come from low levels of FSH and LH?

Infertility

What hormone is a mineralcorticoid?

Aldosterone

What hormone is a glucocorticoid?

Cortisol

What hormones are gonadocorticoids?

Sex hormones

Zona glomerulosa

thin outer cortical layer

zona fasciulate

middle cortical layer

zona reticularis:

thin, inner cortical layer

What is the general adaptation syndrome?

three stages your body goes through when responding to stress including: alarm reaction, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion.

What is so special about the pancreas?

It is both an endocrine and exocrine gland

What hormone is stimulated when you have low blood sugar?

Glucagon

What hormone activates when you have high levels of glucose?

insulin

What does the thymus gland secrete?

Thymosins

What organ/structure produces estrogen and progesterone?

Ovaries and placenta

What does secretin do?

stimulates secretion of bile and pancreatic juice

what does CCK do?

stimulates release of bile from gallbladder

what does having low adrenal androgens do?

Low libido in adults