World History Final Review (PBHS)

Bill of Rights

first ten amendments to the US Constitution, guaranteeing the rights of all citizens; ratified in 1791

absolutism

system of government in which a ruler holds total power

George Washington

commander in chief of the US continental army during the Revolutionary War; America's first President

Thomas Jefferson

wrote the Declaration of Independence; inspired by John Locke; became America's 3rd President; an Enlightenment thinker

laissez-faire

idea that the government should not interfere with the economy

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

a charter of basic liberties that was based on the American Constitution; written by the French during the French Revolution

Articles of Confederation

America's first Constitution

Napoleon Bonaparte

military leader who overthrew the Directory and crowned himself Emperor of France after the French Revolution; was in power from ~1799-1815

guillotine

used by revolutionaries in France to execute opponents

Bastille

attack on the prison and munitions store house which began the French Revolution in 1789

socialism

system in which the government owns and controls the means of production

Congress of Vienna

meeting in 1814 to figure out how to rebuild Europe after the Napoleonic Wars

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

his assassination in June 1914 was the spark which led to World War I

trench warfare

type of warfare where armies dug into trenches, and had to cross 'No Man's Land' in order to attack each other and gain ground; heavy casualties; slowed progress on the Western Front

Allied Powers of WWI

France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and later United States

Central Powers of WWI (aka Triple Alliance)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire

mobilization

assembling troops and supplies for war

War Guilt Clause

declared Germany and Austria were completely responsible for starting World War I

capitalism

economic policy with freedom and choice, along with profits and investment

Hiroshima

first atomic weapon was used on this city

Axis Powers in WWII

Germany, Japan, Italy

Allies of WWII

Great Britain, Soviet Union, and United States

blitzkrieg

'lightning war' using bombers and fast tanks to defeat the enemy quickly; used by Nazis

appeasement

policy which sought peace and stability by satisfying demands of an aggressor

isolationism

policy which US followed which advocated for staying out of European wars

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

gave Hitler the freedom to attack Poland, splitting the country with the Soviets at the beginning of World War II

D-Day

allied invasion of Normandy, France

Christopher Columbus

discovered West Indies on his 1492 voyage

Maximilien Robespierre

a major leader of the French Revolution, he was eventually executed at the end of it

Karl Marx

the writer of the Communist Manifesto who is seen as the main creator of Communism

4 M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

imperialism, nationalism, alliances, militarism

Schlieffen Plan

This war plan called for Germany to attack and invade France first, then move their troops to fight Russia

Vladimir Lenin

the main Communist leader of the Russian Revolution who started the Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union 1924-1953

Adolf Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany 1933-1945; responsible for the Holocaust during World War II

Nazi Party

The political party that came to power in Germany before World War II; Adolf Hitler was their dictator; used a swastika as its symbol

Gulag

Soviet prison camps; terrible conditions for prisoners who worked sometimes until death

Holocaust

the systematic murder of Jews and other undesirables by the Nazis during World War II

Korean War

1950-1953; the United States along with United Nations' forces came to the defense of South Korea after it was invaded by the communist North Koreans. Eventually the war ended in a stalemate, dividing Korea in half still to this day. North Korea is still a communist dictatorship

Vietnam War

1965-1973; North Vietnamese communists invaded the US backed South Vietnam; after years of intense jungle and guerrilla warfare eventually the US withdrew its forces and the North Vietnamese communists completely took over South Vietnam by 1975

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country (specifically the Soviet Union); US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries are members

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to NATO

Communism

a political theory from Karl Marx; advocates elimination of all social classes; calls for all property to be publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

Cold War

the power struggle between the communist Soviet Union and the capitalist democracy of the United States from 1945-1991

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. Caused by Militarism, Imperialism, Alliances, and Nationalism

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WWI; It blamed Germany for WWI and handed down harsh punishments like reparations, loss of territory and natural resources, made them shrink their military, etc. It was hated by Nazis like Hitler

Age of Enlightenment

a period of new ideas about government and the rights that people have; main ideas like natural rights, consent of the governed, and social contract were written about during this time

Franklin D Roosevelt

president of the United States from 1933-1945; President during most of WWII and the Great Depression

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister for most of World War II

Locations to know in Asia

Locations to know in Europe

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

French King and Queen during the French Revolution, known for their extravagant lifestyle. Both executed in 1793 by guillotine.

Taxes and Third Estate, Enlightenment Ideas, American Revolution, and Monarchy

the causes of the French Revolution from 1789-1799