Chemistry Solutions and Concentration Equations: Molarity, Dilution, and Colligative Properties

Dilution Equation

The equation used to calculate concentrations in diluted solutions: M1V1 = M2V2 where M = molarity (mol/L) and V = liters.

Mass Percent Equation

The equation to calculate mass percent: % by mass = (mass solute / mass solution) * 100 where mass solution = solute + solvent.

Volume Percent Equation

The equation to calculate volume percent: % by volume = (volume solute / volume solution) * 100.

Molarity (M) Equation

The equation to find molarity: M = moles solute / liters solution and conversion for moles: moles = grams / molar mass.

Molality (m) Equation

The equation to calculate molality: m = moles solute / kg solvent.

Mole Fraction (X) Equation

The equation for mole fraction: XA = moles of A / total moles where XA + XB = 1.

Freezing Point Depression Equation

The equation for freezing point depression: ΔTf = iKf m and the relationship for freezing point: Tf = Tf° - ΔTf.

Boiling Point Elevation Equation

The equation for boiling point elevation: ΔTb = iKb m and the relationship for boiling point: Tb = Tb° + ΔTb.

Ion Dissociation

Illustrates how ions dissociate in solution: NaCl → 2 ions (i = 2), CaCl₂ → 3 ions (i = 3), CuSO₄ → 2 ions (i = 2).

Conversion: Milliliters to Liters

1000 mL = 1 L

Conversion: Grams to Kilograms

1000 g = 1 kg

Conversion: Grams to Moles

For grams to moles, divide by molar mass.