PSYC 260 Final Exam UNC

Interpersonal attraction

the strength of our liking or loving of another person

Physical attractiveness stereotype

the tendency to perceive attractive people as having positive characteristics (sociability, competence, etc.)

Mere exposure

the tendency to prefer stimuli that we have seen frequently

Zajonc: experiment with Chinese characters, weeks later given a list to rate positive feelings of; characters they had seen rated more positive

Passionate love

love we experience when we are first getting to know a person

Companionate love

love based on friendship, respect, common interests, and concern for each other's welfare

Investment Model of Relationships

***weigh the costs and benefits

If costs > benefits, we start looking at other options

If costs < benefits.... We stay in the relationship, it is satisfying

Relationship (DIS)satisfaction

4 relationship killing behaviors:

1) Criticism

2) Defensiveness

3) Stonewalling

4) Contempt

Sternberg (1986) Triangular Model of LOVE

1) Passion

2) Intimacy

3) Commitment

***All three is consummate love

Reciprocal self-disclosure

the tendency to communicate frequently without fear of reprisal, and in an accepting and sympathetic manner

Communal relationship

putting your partner over yourself, not worrying about if everything is even all the time

Exchange relationship

opposite of communal

Interdependence

relying on each other heavily to meet goals

Commitment

the feelings and actions that keep partners working together to maintain the relationship

Altruism

behavior designed to increase another person's welfare especially if it doesn't provide any benefit to the person doing the behavior

Reciprocal altruism

the mutual, and generally equitable, exchange of benefits between people

Reciprocity norm

a social norm reminding us that we should follow the rules of reciprocity because we can expect them to help us in the future

Social responsibility norm

a social norm that says we should help people even if they don't help us back

Just world belief

the belief that people get what they deserve in life

Social group

a set of individuals who are together with a shared purpose and who normally share a social identity

Entitativity

the perception (either by the group members or by others) that the people together are a group

Social facilitation

the tendency to perform better in the presence of others

Social inhibition

the tendency to perform worse in the presence of others

Divisible

a task that can be divided up among individuals

Ex. writing a group paper

Unitary task

opposite of divisible

Ex. climbing a mountain

Additive task

inputs of each group member are added together

Ex. tug of war

Compensatory/averaging task

inputs are averaged

Ex. making an estimate with a bunch of people and averaging each person's guess

Disjunctive task

performance is determined by its best member

Ex. solving a math problem

Conjunctive task

performance is determined by its worst member

Ex. an assembly line

Maximizing task

performance is measured by how quickly the group can accomplish the task or how much of the product they can make

Ex. how fast a construction crew can build a house

Intellective task:

involves the group to make a decision or judgment

Ex. jury arriving at a verdict

Criterion task

there is a clear correct answer

Ex. finding solutions to math problems

Judgmental task

there is no clear correct answer

Ex. making an appropriate business decision

Groupthink

when a group makes very poor decisions because of flawed group process and strong conformity

Stereotype

the positive or negative beliefs that we hold about the characteristics of a social group

Prejudice

an unjustifiable negative attitude toward an outgroup or members of that outgroup

Discrimination

unjustified negative behaviors toward members of an outgroup

Social categorization

the natural cognitive process of placing individuals into social groups according to their social categories

Outgroup homogeneity

the tendency to view individuals in an outgroup as more similar to each other than individuals in an ingroup

Ultimate attribution error

the tendency for competing groups judgments about the other that help maintain ingroup favoritism

Contact hypothesis

the idea that intergroup contact will reduce prejudice

Extended-contact hypothesis

the prediction that a person having friends from another social group will help them be more accepting of the members of the social group

Social categorization

the natural cognitive process by which people place people into groups

Negative Impacts of Social Categorization

-Exaggerate differences between people from different social groups as perceiving members of the same group more similar than they actually are

-We tend to see people who belong to the same social group as more similar than they actually are and people from different social groups as more different than they actually are

In-group Bolstering

Out-group derogation

Outgroup homogeneity

the tendency to view members of outgroups as more similar than members of ingroups

bogus pipeline procedure

the experimenter convinces the participant that he has the participant's "true" beliefs, the participant will then give their true beliefs because they don't want to be caught lying

-It suggests that people mask their beliefs in public

Ingroup favoritism

the tendency for people to respond more positively to people in their ingroups than people not there

Black sheep effect

When one person of an ingroup threatens the positive image of the ingroup, other members view them very negatively

Social dominance orientation

a personality variable that refers to the tendency to see and to accept inequality among different groups

SDO (cont.)

--> People with high SDO would agree with statements like "Some groups of people are just inferior to others" - more likely to show ingroup favoritism

--> Those low on SDO believe most groups are relatively equal in status

Ostracism

exclusion from a society or group

Cyberball experiment (Curtis, 2011): Social rejection- Three people are tossing a ball, 2 are confederates and one is the actual participant. At the beginning all three are tossing the ball back and forth but then the participant is left out leading to feelings of social exclusion

***Individuals feeling ostracized by experiment are more likely to try to reconnect with lost relationships...even in bad breakups.

Pro-sociality

interacting with new acquaintances

Pro-sociality Experiment

***Benefits of acting prosocially

Kurt Gray -- UNC Social Psychologist (2010)

"Turning weak into mighty"

-->Two groups were given a $1. One group kept the $1 and the other group gave it to a charity of their choice. Both groups had to hold a 5-lb. dumbbell for however long they could. Group 2 held 20% longer → could hold longer bc they thought "i could change the world" → motivation

***DO GOOD, FEEL GOOD

Social Facilitation

If you are good at something and people are around you will perform better

Social Facilitation Experiment

-Markus (1978) → presence of others on performance

-Had to either tie shoes or tie an apron behind back either by yourself or with people

***Easier task with people → faster

***Difficult task with people → slower

Social Loafing (Ringelman)

-In teams you don't put as much effort as they do alone

-People pull on rope alone more than when in groups

-Motivation loss: Assume other people will do it

-Coordination loss: Harder to coordinate with larger group

Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR)

Meditation moderated the threat and decreased the negative stereotype effects in both of the above experiments