vaccines

HIV1

• The most common and widespread type of the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the body's immune system by destroying CD4 white blood cells. If left untreated, it can severely weaken the immune system, making the body highly vulnerable to infections and diseases.

HIV2

• A less common type of HIV that attacks the immune system, it progresses more slowly than the more widespread HIV-1. While less easily transmitted, untreated HIV-2 will eventually lead to AIDS

What type of virus is HIV

Retrovirus

How is HIV transmitted?

• Sexual contact, blood, dirty needles, mother to child 

• child birth 

• Breastfeeling 

How is measles transmitted

Respiratory route

What vaccine does measles have ?

Falls under MMR

Rubella (German measles)

Can cross placenta and cause congenital rubella syndrome 

how is rubella (german measles) transmitted

respiratory route

What vaccine does rubella have

MMR vaccine

What spots is associated with Measles

Koplik’s spots

Complication associated with measles

• Acute measles 

• enceplaities 

• Rare neurodegenerative disorder, subacute sclerosing encephalitis (SSPE)

how it is transmitted Chicken pox (varicella)

transmitted via respiratory route

Who are the host of smallpox

humans only

What are physical signs of chicken pox (varicella)

Pus-filled vesicles

What causes chickenpox

Herpes virus (HHV-3)

What is a complication of chicken pox

Reye’s syndrome

Chicken pox vaccine

Varicella vaccine

What is the name of the alternative infection associated with chicken pox for older adults?

Shingles (herpes zoster)

What is shingles?

• Reactivation of the latent VZV that moves from the ganglia along the peripheral nerves to the skin 

  • Due to stress or lowered immunity 

Does shingles have a vaccine?

Shingrix

How is Smallpox transmitted

Respiratory route

Does smallpox have a vaccine

Yes

Herpes Simplex Virus- 1

• Predominantly found in cold sores 

• Spread by oral contact, causing cold sores or fever blisters 

Herpes Simplex Virus- 2

• Found in genital herpes 

• The Latent virus resides in ganglia, and it can lead to more serious complications, such as encephalitis 

• Transmission during childbirth

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Most common sexually transmitted disease

Spread through sexual contact

Some forms can be oncogenic (cancer causing)

Which HPV’S are associated with cancer

HPV-16 & HPV-18

Is there a vaccine for HPV

Yes it is called Gardasil.

IT DOES NOT TREAT HPV INFECTION

only prevents infections with nine of those strands

What type of virus is Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV)

Herpes

Epstein- Barr Virus (EBV)

• Infection with mononucleosis targets the B cells of the immune system 

• Remains latent  in the B lymphocytes after recovery of the initial infection 

• Can also cause Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma  CANCER CAUSING

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

crosses the placenta and cause server damage to the fetus

What does CMV infect

leukocytes (white blood cellls)

how is CMV transmitted?

sexually, via blood, saliva, or transplanted tissue, transmitted across the placenta 

*Rhinovirus

The most common cause of a cold 

Hemagglutinin (HA) 

Recognize and attach to host cells 

Neuramidase (NA) spikes 

Help the virus separate from the infected cell

Antigenic drift 

• Minor antigenic changes in HA and NA 

• Allow the virus to elude some host immunity

Antigenic shifts 

• Changes great enough to evade most immunity 

• Lead to pandemics 

• When 2 different viruses infect a host cell simultaneously; involve the reassortment of the eight RNA segments

Serve acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

Transmitted to humans through intermediate hosts 

No vaccine

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

New RSV vaccine

The most common lower respiratory infection in infants 

Causes cell fusion (Syncytium) in cell culture 

who are the host of Mumps

Humans are the only ost of the virus

Is there a vaccine for Mumps

MMR vaccine

What happens if mumps occurs in adults

• Inflammation, mumps, can result in various complications 

  • Male sterility, meningitis, and inflammation of the ovaries

Rotavirus

Causes of virtual gastroenterologists among infants and young children  

Is there a vaccine for rotavirus

yes

How is rotavirus transmitted

Fecal-oral transmission

Norovirus

The most common cause of virtual gastroenteritis 

How is norovirus transmitted?

fecal-oral route

Does Norovirus have a vaccine?

No vaccine

Hepatitis A

Single-stranded RNA; lacks envelope

How is Hep A spread

Fecal-oral route

Does Hep A have a vaccine

yes

What is Hep B

Double-stranded DNA; enveloped 

How is Hep B spread

blood and sexual contact

Is Hep B cancerous

May lead to liver canccer

Hep B vaccine

yes

Hep C

Single-stranded RNA; enveloped 

How is Hep C spread

blood products

Is Hep C cancerous

yes liver ccancer and liver cirrhois

What does polio impact and how is it transmitted

Fecal-oral transfer and impacts the CNS

What are the vaccines for polio

Sabin & Salk

Which polio vaccine is used noadays

Salk because it is inactive and kills the virus so replication cannot recur

Rabies virus and how does it travel

Single-stranded RNA; easily develops mutants 

Travels through the PNS to the brain cells, causing encephalitis 

Cross mucous membranes or enter through abraded skin 

West Nile virus 

Transmitted by mosquitoes 

No vaccine

Eastern equine 

Permanent neuroglial damage 

Transmitted by mosquito 

No vaccine 

Western Equine 

 Rare, monitor-borne viral disease affects the NS between humans and horses 

No vaccine for humans, but yes for horses

St.Louis ncepahlites 

• Viral disease spreads to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito 

• No vaccine 

Transmission of Zika virus 

Transmitted through mosquitoes 

Transmitted equally, mother to fetus during pregnancy through blood transfusion

Major complication of zika

microcephaly

Viruses that can cross the placenta 

Zika virus, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV),

DNA Oncogenic virus (cancer-causing )

• Epstein-Barr virus: Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma 

• Human papillomavirus (HPV): cervical and anal cancer 

• Hepatitis B virus: liver cancer

RNA Oncogenic virus 

• Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2): adult T cell leukemia and lymphoma  

Prons

• Self-replicating infectious proteins 

• transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)

Prons in human

• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): TSE in humans 

• Variant of CJD (vCJD): occurs in younger individuals