westward expansion

time frame section 5 focuses on

late 15th - 21st

what fundamentally reshaped the US

westward expansion

native Americans have been settled in the Americas for how many years prior to the arrival of europeans

tens of thousands

who and when did the first European come to america

1492; Christopher columbus

christopher Columbus had a fleet of how many ships? what were their names?

3; Santa Maria, pinta, nina

which ship got wrecked where and when

santa Maria wrecked in haiti in December 1492

how many men were with columbus

87-90

how many columbus’s men returned to spain

40-50

how many men stayed and built the first European settlement? where?

39; La Navidad in present day northeast Haiti

what happened to la navidad?

destroyed by the native taino people in less than a year; led to the death of all 39 men

colonial era is what years

17th and 18th centuries

north America was dominated by what two countries

england and france

england established settlement along the

northeastern seaboard

france did what in the americas

create a fur-trading network

english built their first permanent colony at (place) which was established by the (company) near present-day (city, state)

jamestown; virginia company of London; Williamsburg, Virginia

when was Jamestown made and by how many English men

1607; 104

jamestown was named after who

king James I

what happened to the British colonies economically

their economies diverged into 3 areas

describe the 3 British areas and their economy

1) Massachusetts bay: commerce

2) middle atlantic: small-independent farmers

3) Chesapeake bay: plantation farming of tobacco

what states make up middle Atlantic area

southern new York, new jersey, eastern pennsylvania

why could the colonies not move westward

1) british govt had tight control

2) brit govt feared native American tribes would attack

3) brit govt wanted to keep colonies within close range of British authority and infleunce

with what treaty and signed when did the British recognize the independence of the us

treaty of Paris on Sept 3, 1783

western frontier swung open and quickly swept across the area NORTH of the (river) and reached the (river)

ohio river; Mississippi river

manifest destiny refers to

the idea that the us was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the entire north american continent

who coined manifest destiny and what yr

journalist john o’sullivan in 1845

manifest destiny influenced US policy throughout what century

19th

manifest destiny was used to justify expansion as a

mission to spread democracy and civilization

in (yr), the US was divided into # sections controlled by # diff countries

1800; 3; 3

what are the 3 sections of the US and which countries held power

US: east of Mississippi except for florida

france: west of Mississippi river

spain: western and southwestern US, florida

rupert’s land is under what company’s rule

hudson’s bay company

13 colonies

new Hampshire, massachusetts, Rhode island, connecticut, new York, new jersey, pennsylvania, delaware, Maryland, Virginia, north Carolina, south Carolina, georgia

new England: Massachusetts, new Hampshire, Rhode island, connecticut (Many New Roads Cross)

middle: new York, pennsylvania, new jersey, Delaware (New People Need Donuts)

southern: Maryland, virginia, north Carolina, south carolina, Georgia (My Very Nice Sister Georgia)

the barrier between the US and west was eliminated when in (month, yr) (name)’s regime in France offered to sell its entire north american territory to the US

april 1803; Napoleon bonaparte

france offered to sell north america for $

15 mill

napolean had aquired the territory from (country) in (yr)

spain; 1800

why did Napoleon give up the territory

1) lost interest in creating a French colonial empire in north america

2) about to go to war with britain

3) financial troubles

what river had become critical to American commerce

mississippi river

us was initially interested in purchasing what two states for what reason

new Orleans and Florida to secure access to Mississippi river

presidnet (name) sent 2 ministers, (name) and (name) to negotiate the purchase price for the territory with france

thomas Jefferson; robert livingston and James monroe

us Congress appropriated $ for the Louisiana purchase and pres Jefferson was willing to pay as much as $

2 mill; 10 mill

france made an unexpected offer in (month, yr) to sell the entire Louisiana territory which stretched from the (river) to the (mountains) and from (country) to the (city)

april 1803; Mississippi to rocky; Canada to new orleans

the Louisiana purchase treaty was signed in (city) on (month, day, yr) and ratified by the Senate on (month, day, yr) with a vote of # to #

paris; April 30, 1803; October 20, 1803; 24 to 7

the Louisiana territory was formally transferred to the US in (month, yr)

december 1803

lousiana purchase added how many more square miles of land? how many acres?

828,800 square miles; 530 million acres

how many states are part of the Louisiana purchase? what are the states

14: Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, north Dakota, south Dakota, Minnesota, new Mexico, Montana, Wyoming, colorado

MIMAL (all of the state): minnesota, Iowa, missouri, Arkansas, louisana

CS KNOWN (part of state): Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, new mexico, wyoming, Colorado, north dakota, south dakota,

how much did us pay in the end for Louisiana purchase

15 mill

the cost of the Louisiana purchase amounted to less than $ per acre which is equal to how many 2024-25 dollars

3 cents; $340 to $390 mill

lousiana purchase land is now worth

$1.2 to $2.2 trillion

in (yr), jeffesron commissioned who to lead and expedition to explore the newly acquired lousiana

1803; personal secretary and former US amercy officer Meriwether lewis

lewis brought who

william Clark; retired officer

lewis and Clark expedition last how long and covered what distance

more than 2 years; 8k mile

3 important routes for migrants trevleing west

oregon trail, California trail, Santa Fe trail

lewis and Clark returned to (city) on (date)

st Louis; sept 23, 1806

(#) person corps of discovery mapped what stuff

45; rivers, mountains, flora, fauna, cultural info of native American tribes

lewis was appointed

governor of Louisiana territory

clark became

brigadier general of militia for Louisiana territory and federal Indian agent

southwestern US was ruled by (country) between # and #

spain; 1598-1821

mexico gained control of spain’s land in (yr)

1821

in (yr), (state) won independence from mexico and petitioned to join the US

1836; texas

in (month, yr) the US annexed Texas though Mexico did not recognize the annexed lands as American territory

december 1845

in (month, yr) a border dispute prompted the US to declare war against mexico

may 1846

from what yrs was the mexican-american war

may 1846-1848

mexican-americna ended in what treaty

treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo

mexico ceded much of the (region) an area modern than # sq miles (larger than the land from the Louisiana purchase) to the us

southwest; 1 million

oregon treaty was signed when by who what two countries

june 15, 1846; US and great britain

what did the Oregon treaty do

end British claims to the Oregon country which joined the us

in (yr), the US bought an additional # sq miles of Mexican land called the (name(

1853; 30k; gadsden purchase

the Gadsden purchase fixed what

the boundaries of the contiguous 48 states to their current coordinates

orgeon treaty is a long what latitute

49 degree north latitude

alaska was originally part of what country

russia

gold was discovered in California in (yr) and ensued the gold rush

1848

califronia statehood yr

1850

in (yr), president (name) signed the homestead act into law

1862; lincoln

homestead act purpose

offered 160 acres of public land to adult us citizens and immigrants who intended to become naturalized citizens as long as they agreed to live on and improve the land for 5 yrs

first transcontinental railroad was completed in

1869

4 things that compelled migrants to move westward

1) manifest destiny

2) gold rush

3) homestead act

4) transcontinental railroad

1830 was when which act was passed by congress? what did the act do?

indian removal act; forced relocation of native tribes east of Mississippi to lands in the west

(#) native Americans from the (tribe) and other tribes were forced to move to territory (direction) of the mississippi in present-day (state)

tens of thousands; Cherokee nation; west; oklahoma

when were native Americans forced to move

1838-39

over # native Americans perished from the hardships during forced marches

4k

trail of tears was coined by what tribe? how many states did it cross?

cherokee; 9

native Americans endured what 3 things

staravation, disease, exhaustion

people mined for gold on the (river) near (city)

american river; sacremento

how many people moved west during 19th

unsure but around hundreds of thousands to millions

who were recruited to work in mining and railroads other than white settlers (3)

african Americans from southeast, Spanish settlers from Mexico, Chinese immigrants

by (yr), around # blacks in the US lived (direction) of the Mississippi river

1890; 7.5 mill; west

westward expansion era ended in (yr) when the US census bureau declared the American frontier closed

1890

what does it mean by American frontier is closed

there is no longer a clear disntiction betweent eh settled and “unsetteld” land