Borders and Boundaries of Europe Final
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81 Terms
What are borders according to Thomas Nail?
dynamic processes, not fixed lines
What does “border is in between” mean?
borders are not strictly confined to their territories/states/identities that they divide; they are a third, autonomous entity
What makes borders in motion?
politics, migration, law, economics, and the environment all shape/reshape these boundaries
What do borders do besides exclude/include?
they redirect and manage flows
Why are borders not only spacial?
they are also social, political, legal, and temporal practices/systems; they are not just static lines
How do borders create order according to David Newman?
by constructing differences between self and the other and systems of power/control
What are the main ways Europe is defined?
geography, history, culture, and shared values
Why was the Peace of Westphalia important?
it established state sovereignty and the modern idea of nation states
What did the Cold War do to Europe?
divided it into east and west blocs
What symbolized Europe’s Cold War division?
The Berlin Wall, Iron Curtain and capitalism v communism
Why is Europe’s eastern border debated?
Europe and Asia share the Eurasian continent, so the boundary is culturally and historically shaped
Who proposed the Urals as Europe’s border?
Strahlenburg 1730
What is Norman Davies’ Tidal Europe?
Europe’s borders constantly shift over time rather than being fixed
What are some important internal divisions (Limes) within Europe, as stated by Davies?
Roman limes, Catholic/Orthodox divide, Latin/Greek divide, Ottoman frontier, alphabet divide, and Iron curtain
What are major modern EU tension borders?
Mediterranean, Poland/Belarus, Balkan route, and Poland/Ukraine borders
What was Europe’s main center in Antiquity?
the Mediterranean region
Why was southern Europe prosperous in Antiquity?
climate, trade, rivers, geography, and nearby civilizations
How did Romans view northern Europe?
as a barbarian periphery
What shifted Europe’s center northward in the Middle Ages?
the Carolingian Empire that united a fractured Europe
What became a major medieval political center?
Aachen and Charlemagne’s court
How did Islamic expansion affect Europe?
it separated parts of the former Roman world and defined political Balkan borders
Why did the Mediterranean remain important in the middle ages?
Italian city-states dominated trade
What was the Hanseatic league?
a northern baltic sea trade network
What caused the atlantic shift?
the age of discovery and overseas trade
Which countries became Europe’s major sea empires?
Britain, Spain, and France
Why did northwestern Europe grow rich in the 17-18th centuries?
colonial wealth, capitalism, industry, and trade
What happened to central and eastern Europe during this period?
they lagged behind economically and politically
What divided Europe during the cold war?
the east/west ideological divide
What is the blue banana model? (one concept of Europe’s centers and peripheries)
major economic corridor from the UK to northern Italy
What are mesoregions?
large cultural/historical regions beyond nation states (Like the balkans, scandinavia, etc)
What is central Europe historically linked to?
the Habsburg and German empires and their multiethnic/cultural space
Why did the concept of central Europe decline after WWII?
soviet domination grouped the region into the “eastern bloc” during the cold war
What did the EU enlargement create the idea of?
a “new Europe” made up of post socialist states joining after 2004
How did the enlightenment shapes views of eastern Europe?
the west portrayed it as less civilized and in between Europe and barbarism
Who argued that eastern Europe was invented by the west?
Larry Wolff who saw it as a western intellectual construct
Why did east-west divisions strengthen during the enlightenment?
western industrialization and colonial wealth increased economic and cultural asymmetry
How was eastern Europe often portrayed in travel writing?
exotic, backward, mysterious, and dangerous but also fascinating
What did Georg Hegel think about slavic people?
he viewed them as passive peoples outside of Europe’s main historical progress
What is Mackinder’s Heartland Theory?
eastern Europe was seen as strategically vital but an unstable heartland
What did Huntington argue in clash of civilizations?
he divided Europe into western and orthodox/islamic civilizations
What was Mitteleuropa?
a German idea of central Europe based on economic and political influence
How did Nazis reshape the idea of Mitteleuropa?
they connected it to Lebensraum, expansionism, and racist policies
How did Milan Kundera define central europe?
as a shared culture and historical experience rather than a fixed state
What countries were mainly included in Kundera’s central europe?
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
What is central Europe often seen as today?
a regional identity between western Europe and Russia with shared interests and history
What does Nichloas De Genova argue about Europe’s borders?
Europe is created through “bordering” practices rather than fixed borders
What does bordering produce according to De Genova?
it creates the political identity and and idea of Europe
What contradiction exists in the EU’s border system?
free movement inside Europe but exclusion and immobilization of outsiders
What is the “autonomy of migration”?
migrants actively choose movement while the states react to it
What are “tactics of bordering”
methods used to control, filter, slow, and criminalize migration
How is “illegality” understood in migration studies?
as something politically and legally produced by states
Why is migration called a crisis in Europe?
is raises questions about who belongs and who doesn’t
How are borders linked to postcolonialism?
European borders reflect historical colonial inequalities and power relations
What happened during the Mediterranean migration crisis in 2015?
around 1 million migrants crossed into Europe while thousands died at sea
What where the three main Mediterranean migration routes?
Eastern (Turkey and Greece), Central (Libya/Tunisia and Italy) , and Western (Morocco and Spain)
What caused increased migration in 2015?
conflicts in the middle east, especially Syria and instability in Asia and Africa
What triggered the Polish-Belarus border crisis in 2021?
Belarus encouraged migrants to travel into the EU after sanctions
Why is the Belarus border crisis called a “hybrid warfare?”
migration was used politically to pressure and destabilize the EU
How did the EU and Poland respond to the Belarus border crisis?
through militarization, securitization, and stricter border controls
What are politics of memory?
public practices used to shape how societies remember the past
What is the goal of politics of memory?
to created a preferred version of history and identity
What are examples of top-down memory politics?
school curricula, monuments, museums, and national holidays
What are examples of bottom-up memory politics?
family stories, activism, NGOs, and local commemorations
How do memory politics build identity?
by emphasizing shared history, symbols, and national experience
What was the Austro-Hungarian compromise in 1867?
the creation of a multinational Austro-Hungarian state before WW1
Why is the Treaty of Trianon traumatic for Hungary?
Hungary lost 2/3 of its territory and population
What happened to Hungarians outside Hungary after Trianon?
large Hungarian minorities remained in countries like Romania and Slovakia
Why does Trianon still affect politics today?
it shapes nationalism, identity, and disputes with neighboring states
What was Hungarian revisionism?
attempts to regain lost territories after Trianon
What themes dominate contemporary Hungarian memory politics?
national victimhood, trauma, and commemoration of past suffering
Why is the 1956 Hungarian Revolution important for memory politics?
it symbolized resistance to soviet domination
What is “banal nationalism”
everyday reminders of national identity in culture and public life
Why are myths of origin important in Hungary?
they shape ideas about national identity and who belongs to the nation
What does Nail mean by borders as “limits?”
states approach borders but never fully control them
What is “intensive division” in Nail’s theory?
borders split flows within connected systems rather than fully separating spaces
How does Balázs Trencsényi describe European regions?
as constructed “mental maps” shaped by politics and culture
Why is the east-west divide not natural according to Trencsényi?
it developed historically through power relations and ideas of civilizations
Why was central Europe politically important
it helped countries distance themselves from the idea of the east
What does Pamela Ballinger argue about eastern Europe after 1989?
the east-west divide did not disappear, it rather changed form
What are Ballinger’s “tidemarks?”
historical traces of old borders that still shape Europe today
How does De Genova explain Europe’s borders?
they are continuously produced through bordering and exclusionary migration practices