Lab Exam

What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?

Sarcomere

What protein binds calcium during muscle contraction?

Troponin

What protein covers the binding sites on actin?

Tropomyosin

What is the thin filament?

Actin

What is the thick filament?

Myosin

What structure forms the boundary of a sarcomere?

Z disc

What structure is located in the center of a sarcomere?

M line

What happens to the H zone during contraction?

It decreases

What happens to the I band during contraction?

It decreases

What happens to the A band during contraction?

It stays the same

What happens to the sarcomere during contraction?

It shortens

What is flexion?

Decreasing the angle of a joint

What is extension?

Increasing the angle of a joint

What is abduction?

Movement away from the midline

What is adduction?

Movement toward the midline

What is supination?

Palm facing up

What is pronation?

Palm facing down

What is dorsiflexion?

Toes up

What is plantar flexion?

Toes down

What is circumduction?

Circular movement of a limb

What is rotation?

Turning around an axis

What is an origin?

The attachment that remains relatively stationary

What is an insertion?

The attachment that moves

What is an action?

The movement a muscle produces

What is the origin of the deltoid?

Clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

What is the action of the deltoid?

Abducts the arm

What does SITS stand for?

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis

What is the origin of supraspinatus?

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

What is the insertion of supraspinatus?

Greater tubercle of humerus

What is the action of supraspinatus?

Initiates arm abduction

What is the origin of infraspinatus?

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

What is the insertion of infraspinatus?

Greater tubercle of humerus

What is the action of infraspinatus?

Lateral rotation of arm

What is the origin of teres minor?

Lateral border of scapula

What is the insertion of teres minor?

Greater tubercle of humerus

What is the action of teres minor?

Lateral rotation of arm

What is the origin of subscapularis?

Subscapular fossa of scapula

What is the insertion of subscapularis?

Lesser tubercle of humerus

What is the action of subscapularis?

Medial rotation of arm

What is an antigen?

A marker on the surface of a red blood cell

What is an antibody?

A protein in plasma that attacks foreign antigens

What antigen does blood type A have?

A antigen

What antibody does blood type A have?

Anti-B

What antigen does blood type B have?

B antigen

What antibody does blood type B have?

Anti-A

What antigens does blood type AB have?

A and B antigens

What antibodies does blood type AB have?

None

What antigens does blood type O have?

None

What antibodies does blood type O have?

Anti-A and Anti-B

What is the universal donor blood type?

O negative

What is the universal recipient blood type?

AB positive

What does Rh positive mean?

Rh antigen is present

What does Rh negative mean?

Rh antigen is absent

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

SA node

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

SA node → AV node → AV bundle → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

Which valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Bicuspid (Mitral) valve

Which valve is between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which valve is between the left ventricle and aorta?

Aortic semilunar valve

What is another name for the bicuspid valve?

Mitral valve

What is a myocardial infarction?

Heart attack

What chamber has the thickest myocardium?

Left ventricle

What vessel brings blood into the right atrium?

Superior and inferior vena cava

What is the blood flow pathway through the heart?

Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

Arteries

Which blood vessels carry blood toward the heart?

Veins

What are the smallest arteries called?

Arterioles

What are the smallest veins called?

Venules

What are the sites of gas and nutrient exchange?

Capillaries

What is the vessel pathway from heart to tissues and back?

Heart → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Heart

What is tidal volume?

Air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Extra air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Extra air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration

What is residual volume (RV)?

Air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

IRV + TV

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

ERV + RV

What is vital capacity (VC)?

IRV + TV + ERV

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

VC + RV

What respiratory volume remains after a forced exhalation?

Residual volume

What respiratory volume represents a normal breath?

Tidal volume

What respiratory capacity equals ERV + RV?

Functional residual capacity

What respiratory capacity equals IRV + TV?

Inspiratory capacity

What respiratory capacity equals IRV + TV + ERV?

Vital capacity

What respiratory capacity equals VC + RV?

Total lung capacity

What structure is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveoli