HBS EOC Study Guide

Anterior/Ventral

Situated Towards the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

Situated at or towards the back of the body

Superior

Situated towards the head and further away from the feet

Inferior

Situated below and closer to the feet

Medial

Lying or extending in the middle especially of a body part

Proximal

Situated next to or near the point of attachment or origin or a central point

Distal

Located away from the center of the body

Superficial

Located near the surface

Deep

Away from the body surface;more internal

What is a tissue?

Tissue is a collection of similar cells that help perform a function. A group of tissues is called an organ

Epithelial

-Cover

-Lines organs and body cavities

-layers one kind of cells on the inside and one kind of cells on the outside

Muscle

-Moves

-Makes up all the tissues including the heart

-Long and narrow so they can contract to allow movement

Nervous

-Full of nerves

-Signals

-Long axons to allow signals to travel distances branches for connections

Connective

-Joins

-Adipose, fat,blood,bone,cartilage, etc

-Fairly consistent matrix to allow it to fill spaces of various shapes and sizes

-Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through a extracellular matrix

-Adipose is connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat

Functions of human skeletal system?

-Axial skeleton protects soft organs like the brain heart and lungs.It consists of the skull and trunk. The appendicular skeleton consists of the arms/legs and provides attachment points for muscles that allow movement.

Gender can be best determined from what bone?

The pelvis and the skull

Women Features

-round eye sockets

-v-shaped mandible

-smoother bones

-rounded pelvis

-wider pubic arch

Male Features

-square eye sockets

-u-shaped mandible

-brow ridges & sharper

-heartshaped pelvis

-angled-in coccyx

What is the best determinant of race?

The skull. Especially the nasal index.

What is the best predictor of age?

Bone fusion is the best predictor of age.

What bones are the best predictors of height?

The humerus and the femur.

Orbital

Eyes

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Buccal

Cheek

Cervical

Neck

Sternal

Rib cage

Brachial

Upper arm

Axillary

Armpit

Thoracic

Chest

Pelvis

Spine

Umblical

Belly

Coxal

Hip Bone

Antecubital

Front of the Elbow

Abdominal

Near Stomach

Carpals

Wrist

Digital

Fingers

Inguinal

Groin

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Knee

Olecranal

Back of elbow

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Cephalic

Head

Vertebral

Spine

Sacral

Near Pelvis

Gluteal

Buttocks

Popliteal

Back of Knee

Calcaneal

Heel bone

Tarsal

Ankle

Which of the following describes tissues?

A group of associated cells with similar structure and function

The bone in the forearm that attaches to the thumb of the side of the wrist

a)Radius

b)Ulna

c)Humerus

d)Fibula

Radius

The vertebrae in the region of the neck is called the

a)Lumbar Vertebrae

b)Cervical Vertebrae

c)Thoracic Vertebrae

d)V-Neck Vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae

The ribs, except for the floating ribs, are attached on the anterior side of the body to the

a)clavicle

b)scapula

c)sacrum

d)sternum

Sternum

Which type of tissue has a high rate of cancer because it is found in areas of the body that are in direct contact with the outside environment?

a)Skeletal Tissue

b)Nervous Tissue

c)Epithelial Tissue

d)Adipose Tissue

Epithelial Tissue

A small child falls out of bed and suffers a broken tarsal. The child has a broken

a)foot

b)hand

c)ankle

d)wrist

Ankle

Which of the following bone features would be used to collect data for determining height?

a) length of the tibia

b)length of the femur

c)length of the humerus

d)all of the above

All of above

Skull

The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws

Tibia

The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle

Humerus

The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Pelvis

A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is shaped by the pelvic girdle together with the sacrum.

Femur

The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest one in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee.

The genetic information is coded in DNA by

a)the regular alteration of sugar and phosphate molecules

b)the sequence of nucleotides

c)the three dimensional structure of the double helix

d)the structure of the histones

The sequence of the nucleotides

Gel electrophoresis separates nucleic acids by

a)shape

b)size

Size

DNA is blank and will move through the gel toward the blank end of the electrophoresis chamber

Negative, Positive

Restriction enzymes are derived from

a)microorganisms

b)bacteria

c)viruses

d) all of above

Bacteria

STUDY DNA FRAGMENTS AND SIZES CHART

REFER TO 1.3 HBS QUIZ

LOOK AT THE QUIZ

What is the correct order of process for gel electrophoresis?

Amplifying or copying DNA, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis

Which DNA fragment would be at the top (near wells) of a gel after gel electrophoresis?

Very large one

Why do scientists load DNA of known sizes(standard marker ladder) into the agrose gel?

It makes it easier to determine sizes of unknowns using comparison techniques

RFLP Gel electrophoresis is used

To create DNA fingerprints for identification

Restriction enzymes are useful as biological tools because they can be used to

Cut up DNA which will ultimately help to create different RFLP fragments which will help identify suspects or help nab a suspect in a case

What is Biometrics?

A field of science that uses physical and behavioral characteristics of people for identification purposes

DNA

A double stranded, helical acid molecule capable of replicating and determining capable the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

Gel Electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their movement through an electrical field in a gel

Restriction Enzyme

A degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequence and cuts up DNA

RFLPS

Difference in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of Restriction Fragment Lengths(DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzymes)

Brain Stem

The part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and connecting the spinal cord with forebrain and cerebrum

Peripheral Nervous System

The part of the nervous system that is outside of the CNS and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system

Phrenology

The study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and character

Lobe

A division of a body organ(as the brain, lungs, or liver) marked off by a fissure on the surface

Limbic System

A group of subcortical structures (as the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) of the brain concerned with emotion and motivation

Central Nervous System

The part of the nervous system which consists of brain and spinal cord

Cerebellum

The portion of the brain that is in the back of the head, between the cerebrum and the brain stem. It is involved in the control of voluntary and involuntary movement as well as balance.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves.

What part of brain controls motor cortex?

Frontal lobe

What part of brain controls sensory cortex?

Parietal Lobe

Lobe of Brain responsible for controlling hunger and thirst

Hypothalamus

Portion of brain that controls reasoning and emotions

Frontal Lobe

Part of Brain controlling vision

Occipital Lobe

Lobe that deals with perception and sensations

Parietal Lobe

Lobe inferior to frontal and parietal, controls hearing and short term memory

Temporal Lobe

Part of the brain concerned with coordination of muscle and body equilibrium

Cerebellum

Shallow furrow on the surface of the brain separating adjacent gyri

Sulci

Part of the brain composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Brain Stem

A convoluted ridge between anatomical grooves

Gyrus

A fundamental unit of the nervous system is called

a)neuron

b)neurotransmitter

c)axon

d)dendrite

Neuron

Which is the correct sequence of the action potential (impulse) movement along a neuron

a)axon, dendrite, axon terminal, cell body

b)dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal

c)axon terminal, cell body, dendrites, axon

Dendrite, Cell body, Axon, Axon Terminal

Nerves that carry impulses towards the brain

a)sensory neurons

b)efferent neurons

c)motor neurons

d)Inter neurons

Sensory Neurons

Parkinsons

Cells that make dopamine die (no one knows why). The lack of this neurotransmitter

causes problems in communication between neurons in the two brain regions that must

communicate to allow smooth, controlled movements

Huntingons

Genetic defect on chromosome 4 (excess CAG repeats) causes synthesis of abnormal

protein—the protein disrupts function of certain nerve cells, ultimately leading to their

deaths (dead cells can't communicate)