MINI EXAM #11

Dominant psychological research often focuses only on…

that individual person without exploring the institutional dimensions that shape that individual or outcome

Imperialism - definition:

a practice that extends a country’s power through diplomacy, war, or both

Militarism - definition:

the prioritization and justification of military values within both military and civilian life

Cultural spillover theory

widespread cultural support for violence (ex: the use of force in the military) leading to increased acceptability of violence in other aspects of life

Sexual assault within the military is also…

pervasive

Sexual assault within the military is also known as..

“invisible war”

Most defining feature of rape is a lack of…

sexual consent

Myth: rape is usually committed by a stranger - what is the reality?

rape is mostly committed by intimate partners or acquiantances

Self defense programs can build…

confidence and challenge rape myths

Self-defense program - problems:

shift responsibility onto women (their job to fight back + take time to participate in classes) + reinforce a fear of strangers rather than a fear of acquaintances (which is most common rape) + rarely address intersectional

Compliant sex - definition

sex that occurs when a person agrees to sexual acts that are actually unwanted.

compliant sex- example:

consensual but unwanted

Affirmative consent - definition:

mutual, explicit, voluntary active consent that is given before a sexual act

Expressing affirmative consent involves…

actively + verbally expressing one’s own desire and asking your partner if they would like to do that too

Gender-Based Violence – definition

a form of violence that is motivated by anger, hatred, or bias because of a person’s sex/gender (occurs at both individual and structural levels)

Gender-Based Violence – violent victimization → cisgender

21.7/1000 people

Gender-Based Violence – violent victimization → transgender

86.2/1000 people

imperialism

a practice that extends a country’s power through diplomacy, war, or both

militarism

the prioritization and justification of military values within both military and civilian life

cultural spillover theory

widespread cultural support for violence (ex: the use of force in the military) leading to increased acceptability of violence in other aspects of life

Women and children account for…

80% of war casualties and 50% of refugees

Where are sexual assault and rape very common?

war zones

Rape - definition:

penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim 

sexual assault is…

experienced by over half of all women

rape - trend

1 in 4 women in the US will be raped in their lifetime, with 1 in 5 reporting the rape occured before the age of 25

Rape cultures occur when…

sexual violence is normalized and perpetrators dont fear repercussions

Downplaying sexual violence by assuming it is part of normative boyhood is an example of:

rape culture

Sexual objectification of girls and women contributes to…

violence and exploitation

A significant portion of popular pornographic videos depicts themes of:

violence, dehumanization, and abuse

Childhood pornography is on the rise and has been linked to…

a growing illegal demand for sex with children

Rape myth - definition:

a false belief about how and why rape occurs

victim blaming - definition

a type of blame that shifts responsibility away from the perpetrator and onto the survivor

Rape is extremely underreported - only 0.05% to 7% of all reported rapes are…

unsubstantiated or false, but these rates are significantly overestimated by boys and men

Over 50% of women who’ve been raped don’t actually label their experience as…

rape

In one large study of female rape survivors, perpetrators were:

intimate partners (33%), acquiantances (39%), family member (2.5%), and strangers (19.5%)

Are sexual minority women at even greater risk for lifetime sexual victimization than heterosexual women?

yes

1 in 26 boys and men in the US have been victims of…

completed or attempted rape

1 in 9 men were made to…

penetrate someone during their lifetime

Although the majority of assaults are perpetrated by other men, between ____ and ____ involve a female assailant

6% and 15%

sexual assault - definition

a general term that refers to different types of sexual abuse, including rape, attempted rape, unwanted sexual touching, and/or sexual harrassment

victim blaming - definition

a type of blame that shifts responsibility away from the perpetrator and onto the survivor

When an incident does not match the traditional rape script → that rapes are usually committed by strangers and includes physical aggression – people are less likely…

to view it as rape, and survivors and less likely to receive support

tonic immobility

an involuntary “frozen” body response that occurs in hear-fear situations

Self-defense programs can help women:

resist sexual assault, build confidence, and reduce their belief in rape myths

Incapacitated rape:

when someone rapes a person who is intoxicated, unconscious, or asleep

Which rape victims feel the most blame?

Incapicated rape victims

Which perpetrators experience the least blame?

incapacitated perpetrators

Who is especially at risk for incapacitated rape?

College students

Girls are taught to dress modestly (ex: no short skirts) and behave carefully (ex: limited drinking, no walking alone) to avoid…

getting raped

Rape threat:

the ever present fear or being raped + places the burden on women to prevent (rape programs rely heavily on behavior change among girls and women)

1 out of ____ women in one study excused their perpetrator’s actions because they believed male sexual aggression was natural or normal

5

A key part of rape culture is to blame and punish - who and why?

women for not controlling men’s sexual urges (though rape is not about sex but is an act of violence)

Sex and rape are distinct - rape doesnt occur because the perpetrator is so turned on they can’t control themselves, rape happens when…

someone feels entitled to degrade or harm others

Which type of men are more likely to rape?

Men who have hostility toward women, a strong desire to be in control, antisocial traits, high consumption of pornography, and heavy alcohol use

are men or women more likely to give and rely on non-verbal consent?

men

Sometimes, a person doesn’t initially consent but is coerced into consenting, although this form of rape is…

rarely acknowledged

The belief that women widely engage in token resistance, saying no to sex but really meaning yes, greatly contributes to…

rape

Sexual assault survivors experience symptoms such as…

PTSD, depression, and anxiety immediately after the assault; most (but not all) survivors experience relief within a year; with only 5% to 10% developing PTSD

What may not be easily accessed by women survivors with less privilege, women of color, and trans and/or gender nonbinary individuals?

Legal, medical, and social services

Post-traumatic growth:

a positive psychological change that can occur following a struggle with highly challenging life circumstances

Who may be hesitant to seek survivor services because of their collective history of mistreatment by law officials and health care providers?

Women of color and undocumented immigrants

Who face the compounded effects of racial and gender inequalities, and their financial ability to recover from a sexual assault or rape may therefore be limited?

Women of color

Domestic violence:

any abusive, violent, coercive, forceful, or threatening act by one member of a family or household toward another another

Intimate partner violence:

a form of domestic violence involving by violence by one member of an intimate couple against the other

Common couples violence also known as…

situational couple violence

What is the most frequent form of IPV?

Common couples violence

Intimate terrorism also known as…

coercive controlling violence

Violent resistance can be…

self-defense

What is the most frequently discussed form of IPV?

intimate terrorism

Which type of intimate partner violence can be related to a desire to protect children, to attempt to regain control, to seek retribution, or a need to escaoe?

violent resistance

common couples violence occurs when…

conflict spontaneously escalates to violence and isn’t severe

intimate terrorism is violence that occurs…

more regularly and that increases in severity over time

violent resistance occurs…

in response to violence from a partner

common couples violence - who does it?

gender symmetrical

intimate terrorism - who does it?

men commit more (perpetrators show patterns of emotionally abusive intimidation, domination, coercion, and control)

violent resistance - who does it?

women commit more

STUDY

Cycle of abuse:

a cycle within ongoing abusive relationships that consists of a tension-building stage, a violent episode, and a loving and contrition phase

learned hopefulness:

the belief that an abuser can change, which can contribute to survivors remaining committed to abusive relationships

coercive power:

a type of power that leads survivors to think they will experience negative consequences if they do not comply with their abusers demands

What has led to an increase in stalking?

Technology → cell phone, drones, and social media have intensified abuse tactic

In media, romance is often depicted in the context of

jealousy, control, and aggression (endorsement of these ideals normalizes violence and the stage is set for intimate terrorism)

Violence in the context of romanticized jealousy can be particular…

problematic (because it is often interpreted as a sign of love rather than danger)

princess effect:

tactic used by an abuser to make their partner feel uniquely special (increases attachment and loyalty prior to the onset of violence)

gaslighting

a form of psychological abuse that involves manipulating victims into doubting their memory, perception, or sanity (abuser responds to any conflict as if they’ve been victimized → increases self-doubt, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem)

identity abuse

threatening to disclose their partner’s LGBTQ+ identity to instill fear in them (abusers use to exploit and control a partner)

Battered women’s syndrome:

a type of post-traumatic stress disorder that includes disruption in interpersonal relationships, body image distortion, and sexual intimacy issues

Typical qualities of perpetrators

witnessed interpersonal violence, believes in traditional gender roles, abuses substances, experienced childhood abuse

why women don’t leave abusive relationships

fear of being attacked/killed by abuser, fear of children getting kidnapped/taken by child protective services, financial dependence on abuser, lack of social support, stigma, housing instability/homelessness, lack of community resources for IPV survivors, abuser’s control over health care or medical assistance

In a meta-analysis, nearly all aspects of traditional masculinity were linked to sexual aggression → although not all boys and men

conform to traditional notions of masculinity, they still experience pressure to adhere to these norms

Offering boys and men an opportunity to discuss traditional masculinity pressures can change the way…

they think about and enact masculinity

Promoting gender equity and increase representation of _____ among leadership in areas such as the military, law enforcement, and professional athletics

gender diversity

Violence can be prevented through a shared, community responsibility for:

creating safe environments and a cultural intolerance of violence.

Who needs to be held accountable for sending clear messages against violence and promoting a climate of respect?

Leaders

What type of programs can be offered to identify patterns of abuse and offer strategies for intervening?

educational

Bystander intervention:

intervening when people witness a problematic situation

Encouraging discussions about gender roles, dating norms, and consent, especially among men.

STUDY**

In one study, students who received training in ____ were less likely to be victims of violence, and men who participated were less likely to be perpetrators

bystander intervention

Does the way the media talks about violence matter?

yes