Blood and Blood Typing

These flashcards cover key concepts related to blood, blood typing, and clinical applications of blood tests, aimed at assisting students in reviewing and preparing for their exam.

What is the primary liquid matrix found in blood connective tissue?

Plasma

What are the three types of formed elements in blood?

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes.

What is the ABO blood typing system used for?

To classify blood types based on antigens present on erythrocytes.

What does hemolysis refer to?

The rupture of erythrocytes.

What are antigens?

Large proteins that may cause an immune response.

What are the four primary blood types?

A, B, AB, O.

What is the relationship between blood type A and anti-B antibodies?

Blood type A has anti-B antibodies in the plasma.

What does a person with AB+ blood type lack in their plasma?

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

What type of blood is considered a universal donor?

O- blood.

What antigen is associated with Rh+ blood types?

Rh antigen.

How do erythrocytes appear due to the heme group in hemoglobin?

Reddish color.

What is agglutination?

Clumping of blood cells in response to antibodies binding to antigens.

What are leukocytes primarily associated with?

The immune system.

Which formed element plays a role in blood clotting?

Thrombocytes (platelets).

What do leukocytes have that erythrocytes do not?

Organelles and nuclei.

What is the purpose of conducting a complete blood count (CBC)?

To evaluate the numbers and morphology of blood cells.

What is a crossmatch?

A test to confirm compatibility between donor and recipient blood types.

Why is blood testing important during pregnancy?

To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

What happens during a blood transfusion if the donor and recipient blood types are incompatible?

Agglutination and potential transfusion reactions.

What does the hematocrit measure in a blood sample?

The percentage of blood occupied by erythrocytes.

What is the typical range for hematocrit in a healthy patient?

35-55%.

Explain the role of the RhoGAM injection.

It neutralizes Rh antigens to prevent sensitization in Rh- individuals.

What results in hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Maternal anti-Rh antibody binding to fetal erythrocytes.

What is the function of anti-A serum during blood typing?

To determine the presence of A antigen on erythrocytes.

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes.

What happens to plasma proteins during blood transfusions?

They are sometimes removed to reduce reactions.

What is contained within the buffy coat?

Leukocytes and thrombocytes.

What component of blood is analyzed in a lipid/cholesterol panel?

Cholesterol and triglycerides levels.

How is blood chemistry used in clinical diagnostics?

To assess organ functions by measuring blood plasma levels.

What do people with O blood type contain in their plasma?

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

What happens when an A- person is exposed to Rh+ blood?

They may produce anti-Rh antibodies.

What cell fragments are also known as thrombocytes?

Platelets.

What is needed for phagocytosis by leukocytes?

Efficient agglutination of pathogens.

What does a positive blood type indicate in terms of Rh factors?

The presence of the Rh antigen.

What does the differential count assess in a blood sample?

The numbers and relative percentages of different leukocytes.

What can occur due to transfusion reactions?

Symptoms like nausea, hives, and possibly fatality.

What enables oxygen transport in red blood cells?

Hemoglobin.

What are the antigens associated with blood type B?

B antigen only.

Which blood type can receive blood from A-, O-, and O+ donors?

A+ recipients.

What can blood tests reveal about the digestive system?

Electrolyte levels.

What demonstrates the compatibility between blood types?

The absence of antibodies that can bind to antigens.

What can be the consequence of incompatible blood transfusion?

Clumping of erythrocytes leading to blood flow disruption.

What does the term 'universal recipient' refer to?

AB+ blood type, which can receive any blood type.

In blood typing, what does a lack of agglutination with anti-A serum indicate?

The absence of A antigen on erythrocytes.

Why is maintaining blood type compatibility crucial in transfusions?

To prevent adverse immune reactions.

What percentage of blood transfusions result in adverse reactions?

Approximately 1-2%.

What could result from bacterial contamination in blood products?

Severe infections.

What type of immunoglobulin is involved in binding to antigens?

Antibodies.

What is the most common blood type in the world?

O+..