conbio final exam

components of biodiversity

all life forms, all leevels of organization of living things, all interactions among living things

mid 1800s, Emerson, Thoreau, John Muir

romantic-transcendental conservation ethic, pristin preservation for nature’s sake

early 1900s, Gifford Pinchot

resource conservation ethic, wise use of resources for the future

mid 1900s, Aldo Leopold

evolutionary-ecological land ethic, humans are part of natures complicated system

modern tenets of con bio

diversity good, complexity good, evolution good, biodiversity has instrinsic value

goals of con bio

describe biodiversity, id threats and develope approaches to protect biodiversity

species diversity relationships

species-area, isolation, latitudinal, elevational

measure richesness corrected for total abundance

simpsons diversity

n

number of organisms

ni

number of individuals of a species

simple biodiversity

number of species/ number of organisms 0-1

richness incorporating uniqueness

shannon-weiner

pi

proportion of individuals that are of one species

genome size

c-value

richness across communities

whittakers beta

a

number of species in common

b

number of species unique to community 1

ecosystem

system that environments and organisms form through interactions

functions

biotic and abiotic processes

ecosystem services

processes-functions-services

ecosystem services

provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting

ethics types

anthro, zoo, bio, eco

msy

max harvested without compromising future availability

value types

direct use, indirect use, option value, existence value

commodity value

direct use value

nonconsumptive value

indirect use value

potential future value of goods and services

option value

what society will pay to keep something

existence value

habitat

natural environment where an organism lives, resources required, biotic and abiotic factors

habitat functionality

environmentally suitable and geographically accessible

structural connectivity

landscape/physical arrangement of disturbance

functional connectivity

behavioral response of organisms

edge effects

altered abiotic conditions, shift in species composition, altered biotic conditions, ecological trap effect

fragmentation effects

reduction in total amount of habitat, new forms of land use, reduction in fitness via ecological mechanisms

demographic stochasticity

random fluctuations in birth/death rates due to individual chance

environmental stochasticity

temporal fluctuations in mortality/reproduction, all individuals/populations affected the same

extinction-colonization stochasticity

random fluctuations in extinction or colonization events

regional stochasticity

correlated extinctions caused by geographic factors

extinction threshold causes

reproductive rate, emigration rate, matric quality, habitat fragmentation

ipat

impact = population x affluence x technology

industrialization increases

education and affluence

industrialization decreases

fertility and death

lacey act

1900 combats trafficking of illegally taken plants and widllife across state and international boarders

addressing overexploitation strategies

link conservation to local economies, make public aware, improve standard of living, social and political stability

invasive species

alien species that does or is likely to cause environmental, economic, health harm

environments vulnerable to invasion

disturbed, species poor, missing enemies

good invaders

r selected, pioneer species, long-lived, high dispersal, generalists, high genetic variability

invasion steps

transport, introduction, establishment, spread, impact

impacts of invasion

competition and predation wit natives, biotic homogenation, ecosystem transformation

risk

hazard + exposure + vulnerability

responses to climate change

range shift, phenology shift, disrupted biotic interactions

functionally extinct

population so small it no longer plays a significant role in the ecosystem

reasons for glacial cycles

changes in continent placement, changes in earths orbit, changes in solar input, chnages in reflectance

effects of glaciation

few species on ice, sea level and land bridges, elevational shifts, altered range and communitie

quaternary extinction event

10,000 ya many large terrestrial animals went extinct, caused by climate changes and human pressure

small population risks

reduced genetic variation, stronger genetic drift, reduced adaptive potential, stochastic loss, extinction vortex

pva

predicts the likely future status of a population

reasons for protected areas

sustainable use of ecosystem services, special abiotic features, social/cultural values

good reserve attributes

big, intact, connected, many sizes, fully rptected, diverse ecosystems, round, buffered

4 rs of reserves

representation, resiliency, redundancy, reality

north american model

wildlife held in public trust, market for game eliminated, allocation of wildlife by law, wildlife killed for legitimate purpose, wildlife is an international resource, science used for wildlife policy, democracy of hunting

outbreeding depression

offspring if individuals from different populations exhibit reduced fitness

introgression

transfer of genes from one species to another by repeated backcrossing or hybrid x parent species

deterministic factors

affect population regardless of size

stochastic factors

how the population is affected is uncertain

classical metapopulations

migration amoung patches

patchy metapopulations

close enough to form a subpopulation, non-independent

non-equillibrium metapopulations

each subpopulation is a separate metapopulation, no movement between

mainland/island metapopulations

dispersal from large, stable core population

genetic disjunction

shared genetics within a population but not outside

spatial disjunction

no interaction/movement/inidividuals in between the two populations

demographic disjunction

shared demographic trends (birth,death,sex ratio) within a population but not outside

species-based limitations

taxonomic bias, resource intensive, data limitations

species-based benefits

shared habitat, simplicity, public support

umbrella species

large range and high support, protects other species by default

flagship species

very charismatic, gets people excited about conservation

hysteresis

the way to reverse a change is different than just reversing what caused the change