anatomy exam 1

where does thoracic lymph drain on the left?

thoracic duct (at the junction of L internal jugular vein and L subclavian vein)

where does thoracic lymph drain on the right?

right lymphatic duct (R internal jugular vein and R subclavian vein)

Where does lymph drain in the abdomen?

cisterna chyli

Innate or acquired immunity?

Ag independent

innate

Innate or acquired immunity?

Immediate and triggered by microbial structure

innate

Innate or acquired immunity?

phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages destroys organisms

innate

Innate or acquired immunity?

complement system can be activated by microbial surfaces (alternative and lectin pathways) and immune complexes (classical pathway)

innate

Innate or acquired immunity?

Ag dependent

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

antigenic specificity: able to discriminate subtle molecular differences among molecules

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

diversity: ability to recognize and respond to a vast number of different antigens

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

ability to remember prior encounter witha. specific Ag

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

self and non-self recognition

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

cell-mediated immune response by T lymphocytes

acquired

Innate or acquired immunity?

humoral immune response by antibody expression on surface

acquired

primary immune organs

bone marrow and thymus

secondary immune organs

LNs, spleen, MALT

where does myeloma begin?

blood plasma cells

which layer of skin?

outer protective layer, keratinized stratified squamous epithelium derived from embryonic ectoderm

epidermis

which layer of skin?

dense connective tissue layer, gives skin thickness and support, derived from embryonic mesoderm

dermis

which layer of skin?

adipose tissue (superficial fascia)

hypodermis

List some of the epidermal derivatives of the skin?

hair follicles, hair, sebaceous glands, mammary glands, sweat glands, nails

Which layer of epidermis?

dead keratinized cells

stratum corneum

Which layer of epidermis?

limited to the thick skin only, considered a subdivision of the stratum corneum

stratum lucidum

which layer of epidermis?

contains numerous intensely staining granules

stratum granulosum

which layer of epidermis?

spinous layer, light microscopic appearance of short processes extending cell to cell

stratum spinosum

which layer of epidermis?

mitotically active cells, stem cells of epidermis

stratum basale

What kind of epidermal cell?

highly specialized epithelial cells producing keratin

keratinocytes

What kind of epidermal cell?

dendritic cells involved in immune signlaing

langerhans cells

What kind of epidermal cell?

associated with sensory nerve endings

merkel cells

What kind of epidermal cell?

pigment producing cells of the epidermis

melanocytes

how is melanin produced?

oxidation of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosinase in the stratum basale

In lighter skin, is melanin degraded more rapidly or more slowly than in dark skin?

more rapidly

which layer of dermis?

superficial, consists of loose connective tissue (collagen I and III) that contain blood, lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerve endings

papillary layer

which layer of dermis?

deeper layer, composted of dense irregular tissue containing collagen type I, elastic fibers, and larger blood vessels

reticular layer

what part of the skin has dermal papillae that correspond to epidermal ridges?

epidermal-dermal junction

What do dermal papillae contain in the epidermal-dermal junction?

nerve endings and a network of blood and lymphatic capillaries

How is vitamin D produced in the body?

UV light reacts w 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, creating pre-vitamin D which rearranges its structure to form vitamin D

What structures are involved with sebaceous glands, hair matrix, and erector pili muscle?

hair and hair follicles

errector pili

Muscle fiber that is responsible for "hair standing on edge"

mechanism for psoriasis

increased mitotic turnover causing chronic inflammatory disease of the skin

What kind of burn?

involves the epidermis

first degree

What kind of burn?

involves the epidermis and the dermis

2nd degree

What kind of burn?

involves the SC epidermis, dermis, and SC tissue

third degree

what is the most probable cause of cyanosis?

cardiac malformation or congenital heart disease

which cranial nerve function?

smell

olfactory nerve (I)

which cranial nerve function?

vision only

optic nerve (II)

which cranial nerve function?

pupil constriction, accommodation, moves eye up, down, medially, opens eyelids

oculomotor (III)

which cranial nerve function?

supplies superior oblique muscle; moves eye down and inwards

trochlear (IV)

which cranial nerve function?

sensation to face, muscles of mastication

trigeminal (V)

which cranial nerve function?

supplies lateral rectus, moves eye laterally

abducens nerve (VI)

which cranial nerve function?

supplies muscles of facial expression, taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue), closes eyelids, lacrimla, nose, palate glands, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

facial (VII)

which cranial nerve function?

hearing, regulates balance

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

which cranial nerve function?

sensation and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, posterior pharynx, swallowing, and parotid gland salivation

glossopharyngeal (IX)

which cranial nerve function?

parasympathetic supply to eye, heart, gut, lungs, larynx (sensation to airway, motor to vocal cords)

vagus (X)

which cranial nerve function?

supplies SCM (rotates head) and trapezius (lifts shoulders)

accessory nerve (XI)

which cranial nerve function?

supplies tongue muscles motor movement

hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Describe branches of trigeminal nerve?

V1:

V2:

V3:

V1: ophthalmic (sensory) --> gives nasociliary, frontal, and lingual nerves

V2: maxillary (sensory)

V3: mandibular (sensory and motor) --> gives inferior alveolar nerve

Which layer of the scalp?

connective tissue, forms thick, dense, richly vascularized SC layer, well supplied with cutaneous nerves

skin layer (S)

Which layer of the scalp?

wound gaping occurs because this layer is dense

deep connective tissue (C)

Which layer of the scalp?

strong, tendinous sheath that covers calvaria, attachment for frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle

aponeurosis layer (A)

Which layer of the scalp?

sponge-like layer, danger area of the scalp because pus or blood spread easily in it and infection in this layer can pass to cranial cavity through emissary veins

loose connective tissue (L)

Which layer of the scalp?

dense layer of connective tissue, last layer of scalp

Pericranium (P)

Which extraocular muscle?

abducts, depresses, medially rotates eyeball

superior oblique

Which extraocular muscle?

abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates eyeball

inferior oblique

Which extraocular muscle?

elevates superior eyelied

levator palpebrae superioris

Which extraocular muscle?

elevates, adducts, rotates eyeball medially

superior rectus

Which extraocular muscle?

depresses, adducts, and rotates eyeball laterally

inferior rectus

Which extraocular muscle?

adducts eyeball

medial rectus

Which extraocular muscle?

abducts eyeball

lateral rectus

Which muscle is paralyzed in Horner's syndrome, causing ptosis to develop?

superior tarsal muscle

which part of the eye?

outer white fibrous layer of the eyeball, continuous anteriorly with the transparent cornea

sclera

which part of the eye?

transparent part of outer layer, very sensitive to pain

cornea

which part of the eye?

Vascular middle layer of the eyeball. Continuous anteriorly with the ciliary body, ciliary process, and iris. Provides O2 and nutrients to underlying retina

choroid

which part of the eye?

vascular and muscular extension of choroid anteriorly

ciliary body

which part of the eye?

radiating pigmented ridge on ciliary body; secretes aqueous humor that fills posterior and anterior chambers

ciliary process

which part of the eye?

contractile diaphragm with central aperture (pupil)

iris

which part of the eye gives color

iris

which part of the eye?

transparent, support in capsule by zonular fibers

lens

What is included in the refractive media of eye?

1. Cornea

2. Aqueous humor

3. Lens

4. Vitreous humor

focuses light rays

which part of the eye?

inner layer that is optically receptive part of optic nerve; contains rods (dim light vision) and cones (color vision)

retina

which part of the eye?

yellowish region of retina lateral to optic disc that contains the fovea centralis

macula lutea

which part of the eye?

area of macula with most acute vision; contains only cones

fovea centralis

which part of the eye?

nonreceptive area (blind spot) where retinal ganglion cell nerve axons leave the retina in the optic nerve and pass to the brain

optic disc

lacrimal apparatus

lacrimal glands --> lacrimal ducts --> canaliculi --> sacs --> nasolacrimal ducts

What structure conveys tears from the lacrimal sac to the inferior meatus of nasal cavity?

nasolacrimal ducts

Parts + actions of obicularis oculi muscle?

palpebral: closes eye gently

orbital: closes eye forcefully

lacrimal: drainage of tears

parts + actions of occipitofrontalis muscle?

frontal belly: wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows

occipital belly: draws the scalp backwards

actions of zygomaticus major

draws the corner of the mouth up and laterally (smile)

actions of obicularis oris

closes and protrudes lips (kissy)

actions of buccinator

presses cheek against teeth, compresses distended cheek (fishy)

where can the facial pulse be palpated?

where the facial artery crosses the inferior border of the mandible immediately anterior to the masseter

facial artery is a branch of which artery?

external carotid artery

facial vein joins with which vein and drains into the internal jugular vein?

retromandibular vein

Which two veins have connections that can lead to ophthalmic infections that can spread into the cavernous sinus? (dangerous)

facial vein and ophthalmic vein

which nerve provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression and the platysma?

facial nerve

Where does the main trunk of facial nerve run through?

stylomastoid foramen

which gland is largest of the 3 pair salivary glands?

parotid

Parotid gland

-What kind of salivary gland

-innervated by what nerve

-how does it secrete

-serous gland

-innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

-secretes via stenson's duct

submandibular gland

-What kind of salivary gland

-innervated by what nerve

-how does it secrete

-seromucous gland

-innervated by CNVII (facial)

-secretes via wharton's duct

sublingual gland

-What kind of salivary gland

-innervated by what nerve

-how does it secrete

-largely mucous gland

-innervated by CNVII (facial)

-secretes via many small ducts in sublingual fold