SOC 101 CH 9

sex

the anatomical or other biological differences between males and females that originate in human genes

gender

norms, roles, and behaviors associated in a given society with being male or female (transgender).

sexuality

A term used to encompass sexual identity, attraction, and relationships. Often gets conflated with gender.

gender and sex

- Complex interaction between biology and culture shapes behavioral differences associated with gender.

- Sex does not equal gender.

gender and sex

Gender is socially constructed and changes over time as societal norms change.
- Masculinity
- Femininity

Sex is also becoming increasingly fluid as a category as more people find they do not fit easily into either sex category.

Cisgender

when an individual adopts the gender identity associated with their assigned sex at birth

Transgender

an umbrella term to describe those whose gender identity, expression, or behavior differs from their assigned sex at birth or outside the two gender categories

Intersex

people who have some combination of the genitalia of both males and females.

gender roles

continuously learned and relearned through social interaction, leaving room for renegotiation and challenge

gender stratification

People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources

sexism

An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually women, based on assumed superiority of the other sex

stratification system

(1) Cisgender male
(2) Cisgender female
(3) Transgender male
(4) Transgender female
(5) Nonbinary

sons

"Wings”—taught to complete a task on their own

daughters

“Roots”—taught to ask for help or for someone else to complete the task

social dosage effect

Engage in gender policing, stigmatizing those who perform gender incorrectly, continues into high school, college, and beyond with stereotypical gender behavior enforced in sports teams, sororities, fraternities, and other social groups

hidden curriculum

the unspoken socialization to norms, values, and roles—including gender roles—that occurs in the classroom

second shift

the unpaid housework women typically do after they come home from their paid employment

unmarried, married

_ women who live with men spend less time on housework than do _ women

gender inequality

women working full-time, year round earn $.82 for every comparable male dollar.

glass ceiling

an artificial boundary that allows them to see the next occupational level even as structural obstacles keep them from reaching it

glass elevator

the nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in female-dominated occupations.

hegemonic masculinity

the culturally normative idea of male behavior, which often emphasizes strength, domination, and aggression
- Harmful for both men and women

basic rules of manhood

- no “sissy stuff”: avoid any hint of femininity
- be a “big deal”: acquire wealth, power, and status
- be a “sturdy oak”: never show your emotions
- “give ’em hell”: exude a sense of daring and aggressiveness

sexual orientation

An identity defined by an individual’s attracted to partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes

- Physical Attraction
- Emotional Attraction
- Sexual Attraction
- Fantasy
- Actual Behavior
- Self-Identity

sexual identities

- Heterosexuals
- Homosexuals
- Bisexuals
- Asexual people

sexual orientation

~ 4% of Americans identify themselves as gay/lesbian
~ 5% describe themselves as bisexual