Zoology Final

What type of selection involves individuals of one sex between species choosing mates based on visual or chemical cues?

Intersexual Selection

What is the term for competition for mates within the same sex, such as male giraffes head-butting?

Intrasexual Selection

Monogamous

One male and one female pair

Polygynous

One male mates with multiple females

Polyandrous

One female mates with many males

Innate behaviors remain unchanged, while learned behaviors adapt to the environment.

True

Which simple form of learning involves an animal stopping its response to a stimulus after repeated exposure?

Habituation

A simple form of learning occurring at a specific age or life stage, such as hatchlings bonding with their mother, is ___

imprinting

Which type of causation provides an evolutionary explanation for why a behavior exists?

Ultimate Causation

Which type of causation explains the physiological mechanism (how) behind a behavior?

Proximate Causation

Which of the following are characteristics of innate behaviors?

Instinctual

Genetic component

Independent of environment

What is the term for a movement elicited by a stimulus that continues even if the stimulus is removed?

Fixed Action Pattern

Long range seasonal movement of animals in response to resource availability is called

migration

What behavior involves searching for food and water to maximize energy gain?

Foraging

Which are the three general categories of innate behaviors involved in animal interactions?

Communication

Altruistic behavior

Mating rituals

What are chemical signals that elicit a response from members of the same or different species?

Pheromones

What term describes behaviors that lower the individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another?

Altruism

Altruistic behavior may contribute to an individual's fitness indirectly through

inclusive fitness

Proximate causations are dependent on ultimate causations.

False

Which mating system is exemplified by gray wolves?

Monogamous

Which mating system is exemplified by elephant seals?

Polygynous

Which mating system is exemplified by sea horses?

Polyandrous

Chemical

Pheromones

Anural

Sound

Visual

Displays

Tactile

Touch

What is an example of an innate behavior in newborn mammals?

Suckling behavior

What is an example of a learned behavior in gorillas?

using a tool

Order the logic of behavioral causation from the immediate mechanism to the evolutionary result:

1. Physiological mechanism

2. Proximate causation

3. Ultimate causation

4. Relative fitness

Which of the following are examples of visual signals?

Courtship displays

Aggressive displays

Distraction displays

To which subphylum do mammals belong?

Craniata

Which of the following are the four trophic categories of mammals?

Insectivores

Herbivores

Carnivores

Omnivores

Which mammal group lacks canine teeth and uses premolars/molars for grinding?

Herbivores

Ruminants (Herbivore fermentation site)

4-chambered stomach

Non-ruminants (Herbivore fermentation site)

Colon or cecum

Horses and most rodents are unable to vomit.

True

What is the common digestive ailment in domestic horses due to their inability to vomit?

Colic

The specialized teeth in insectivores are designed to crush through the

Exoskeleton

Which heart chamber contains the sinoatrial node?

Right atrium

Mammal red blood cells contain a nucleus to carry more hemoglobin.

False

What structure in the kidney allows mammals to concentrate urine?

Loop of Henle

What is the skin membrane used for flight in bats called?

Patagium

Bats echolocation method

High-frequency pulses from mouth

Cetaceans Echolocation method

Clicks focused in the melon

What term describes mammals with only one estrus cycle per breeding season?

Monoestrous

Which of the following are the three reproductive patterns of mammals?

Monotremes

Marsupials

Placentals

Which group of mammals lays leathery-shelled eggs?

Monotremes

Monotremes have mammary glands but lack nipples.

True

What is the unique reproductive delay found in female kangaroos?

Embryonic diapause

Order the blood flow through the mammalian heart starting from deoxygenated blood entering:

1. Right Atrium

2. Right Ventricle

3. Lungs

4. Left Atrium

5. Left Ventricle

What are mammals that give birth to underdeveloped young that crawl to a pouch?

Marsupials

Which group are the only extant synapsids?

Mammals

What is the outermost layer of gray matter in the mammal brain?

Cerebral cortex

What is the single bone that comprises the mammalian lower jaw?

Dentary

What term describes having different types of teeth for different functions?

Heterodont

What term describes having 'baby' teeth and adult teeth?

Diphyodont

The ___ organ, also known as Jacobson's organ, is used by some mammals for olfaction.

vomeronasal

What is the approximate number of extant mammal species?

6,000

Whale milk has a significantly higher fat content than cow milk.

True

The expansion of the ___ in mammals was caused by the need for muscle coordination due to an erect gait.

cerebellum

What term describes young born with fur, open eyes, and the ability to move?

Precocial

What protein makes up mammalian hair?

Keratin

Under hair

Insulation

Guard hair

Protection/Coloration

Vibrissae

Sensory information

Which of the following are characteristics of true horns (Bovidae)?

Not shed

Do not branch

Grow continuously

Antlers are solid bone and are typically shed annually.

True

Which glands secrete lipids to keep skin and hair soft?

Sebaceous glands

Which glands are used for temperature regulation through perspiration?

Eccrine glands

What is the function of apocrine glands?

Communication

What is the primary reason horses cannot vomit?

Strong esophageal sphincter

Which group of mammals has a short digestive tract because protein is easy to digest?

Carnivores

What is the term for mammals that maintain a constant body temperature using metabolic heat?

Endotherms

What is the gestation length of an elephant?

22 months

What is the function of the external ear in mammals?

Receive soundwaves

What is the term for young born blind and helpless?

Altricial