Physical Education

cardio

Physical activity which elevates the resting heart rate.

Fitness Log

A document to be submitted weekly to the instructor, outlining the previous week's workout and signed by a parent or guardian.

cool-down

A period of non-strenuous activity after physical activity, usually consisting of a slow walk or jog followed by stretching, that transitions the body back to its resting state.

elasticity

The ability of the body to return to its natural shape and resist a distorting influence when stress is removed.

modified

In fitness, a simplified version of a particular activity or task.

warm-up

A period of non-strenuous activity that slowly prepares the body for physical activity, especially the muscles, by increasing the amount of blood going to the muscles and by raising body temperature.

anaerobic

Activities which require large bursts of energy over shorter periods of time; anaerobic exercise builds muscles, complementing aerobic exercise.

cardio-respiratory endurance

The body's ability of the heart and lungs to take in, transport, and deliver oxygen to the working muscles during prolonged exercise of light to heavy intensity.

flexibility

The range of motion in a joint or series of joints that is attainable in a momentary effort without discomfort or pain.

frequency

Number of occurrences within a given time period.

intensity

Amount of energy used for an activity.

long-term goals

Objectives to be reached over the course of a long period of time, ranging from weeks to years to a lifetime.

muscular endurance

The ability of muscles to repeatedly exert themselves over time, without causing undue fatigue.

overload

Placement of greater-than-normal demands on muscles through exercise.

repetitions

Number of times a lift is performed consecutively without resting.

resistance

Weight of the item being lifted.

sets

Designated number of repetitions.

time

Period designated for a particular activity.

type

A number of things that share characteristics that distinguish them as a group.

college major

A field of study.

roadblocks

Conditions that make it difficult to achieve an objective.

self-assessment

Process of gathering information about yourself in order to make an informed decision.

basal metabolic rate

Number of calories the body uses while at rest.

body frame

Weight and density of a person's bone structure.

Body Mass Index

A number that is commonly used to judge whether you are at a healthy weight for your height.

body types

Characteristics include bone structure, metabolism, and body-fat distribution.

calorie

General term for energy in food, used synonymously with the term energy.

cardio-respiratory

A form of activity that engages the heart and lungs to take in, transport, and deliver oxygen to muscles.

cellulite

Body fat that pushes against the connective tissue beneath a person's skin, which causes the surface of the skin to dimple.

flexibility

This is the range of motion in a joint or series of joints that one can attain without discomfort or pain.

lean mass

Weight of a person's muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments.

muscular

Something relating to the muscles.

pollutants

Unwanted chemicals or other materials found in the air.

Achilles tendon

Tendon that connects the calf muscle to the heel.

acute fracture

A break in a bone from a quick, one-time injury.

compound fracture

A fracture which breaks through the skin, causing a lot of bleeding and increasing the chances of infection.

dehydration

A condition caused when the body loses too much water content and essential body salts.

dislocation

When the two bones that come together to form a joint become separated.

frostbite

Damage to the skin and underlying tissues caused by prolonged exposure to extreme cold.

heat stroke

A severe condition that occurs from extreme exposure to the sun.

hypothermia

A life-threatening condition in which body temperature becomes dangerously low, anywhere below 95°F.

shin splints

Intense pain and irritation along the tibia, or shin bone.

simple fracture

A fracture that does not break through the skin; also called a closed fracture.

sprain

A stretching or tearing of a ligament.

strain

An injury to either a muscle or the tissue that connects muscle to bone (called a tendon).

stress fracture

A break that occurs from repeated stress to a bone over time.

amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

diabetes

A disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar, starches, and other food into energy for daily life.

cancer

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

carbohydrates

An essential nutrient that is the body's primary source of energy. Carbohydrates are either simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates provide quick energy and very few vitamins and minerals. Complex carbohydrates provide long-lasting energy.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

A set of science-based diet and physical activity recommendations that are intended to promote health and prevent disease.

fat

An essential nutrient that provides long-lasting energy, helps store vitamins, protects vital organs, and keeps the body warm. Eating too much fat is not good for health.

fiber

A form of carbohydrates which the body can't digest. Fiber is most important for helping to move food through the digestive system and helping to control weight because it makes one feel full.

major minerals

Minerals that the body requires in amounts greater than 100 milligrams a day. They include

minerals

From a biological or health-related point of view, minerals are nutrients that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

nutrients

Chemical substances in food that have specific functions in the body, such as providing energy and helping you to grow and fight off infections.

protein

An essential nutrient that makes up more than 50 percent of your body weight. It is important for growth, building and maintaining muscles, building and repairing body cells, fighting off infections, and supplying the body with energy.

saturated fat

Fat that comes primarily from dairy products, like whole milk, butter, cream, ice cream, and cheese; meats and poultry; and solid vegetable oils, like palm and coconut oil.

starches

Complex carbohydrates found in many food sources, including fruit and seeds. The four major resources for starch production and consumption in the U.S. are corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat.

trans fat

A fat made when manufacturers add hydrogen to vegetable oil in a process called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation increases the shelf life and flavor of foods containing this fat.

unsaturated fat

Fat found in plant products like vegetable oils, most nuts, olives, and avocados, and fatty fish like salmon.

vitamin

Nutrients that help the body use proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Important vitamins include Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K.

arteries

Any of the muscular elastic tubes that form a branching system and that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.

circulatory system

Consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, this system circulates blood throughout the body, delivers nutrients and other essential materials to cells, and removes waste products. It is also called the cardiovascular system.

heart rate

Number of heartbeats per unit of time, usually expressed as beats per minute.

recovery heart rate

Number of beats per minute that the heart drops after exercise.

resting heart rate

A measure of heart beats per minute when the body is completely at rest.

target heart rate range

An ideal range to aim for when exercising, the target heart rate range is calculated using the maximum heart rate formula 220 - age * .5 (lower limit) and 220 - age * .9 (upper limit).

training effect

A term, coined by Dr. Kenneth Cooper in the 1960s, used to refer to the positive impact of exercise over a period of time on muscles, metabolism, heart health, and blood pressure.

veins

Blood vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart.

alternative sports

Non-traditional sports, often more modern and less formal than traditional sports.

group team sports

Sports consisting of more than one player on the field or court at a time.

individual team sports

Sports in which only one player per team competes at a time, with individual scores counting toward the team score.

marathon

A long distance run based on an ancient Greek event, totaling a distance of 26.2 miles.

defensive

Of or relating to the effort to prevent an opponent from gaining points in a game or athletic contest.

foul

Contrary to the rules of a game or sport.

offensive

Of or relating to a team having possession of a ball or puck; capable of scoring.

referee

An official supervising the play of a sport; an umpire.

verbal abuse

Coarse or insulting language.

sportsmanship

Conduct and attitude considered befitting participants in sports, especially fair play, courtesy, striving spirit, and grace in losing.

anaerobic metabolism

A process of converting glycogen or glucose into ATP to be used as a fuel for the muscles. It is faster than aerobic metabolism, but is only good for a short period of time.

contraction

A shortening or tensing of a muscle or muscle fiber.

deep muscles

Muscles that exist deeper within the body, underneath superficial muscles.

fast-twitch fibers

Parts of the muscle that react with speed and quickness.

involuntary muscles

Muscles that contract without conscious control. They are found in walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels.

lactic acid

A water-soluble liquid produced in muscles, as a result of anaerobic glucose metabolism.

muscles

Contracting organs made from bundles of muscle tissue, which are responsible for moving particular bones or substances of the body.

slow-twitch fibers

Parts of the muscle that provide strength and endurance.

strength training

A form of exercise that uses free weights, weight machines, resistance bands, or the weight of the body to put stress on the muscles in order to increase muscle strength, tone, and size.

superficial muscles

Muscles that occur close to the skin and rest on top of other, deeper muscles.

voluntary muscles

Muscles that connect at either or both ends of a bone and move parts of the skeleton. They can be controlled consciously.

individual sports

Any sports played by two opposing individuals or by one individual who is not also competing for a team.

insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas. It contributes to the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

metabolism

The processes taking place in the cells of a living body, which extract, store, and use energy.

individual sports

Any sports played by two opposing individuals or by one individual who is not also competing for a team.

anorexia

A serious mental illness characterized by an abnormal fear of becoming obese, leading to unwillingness to eat and often resulting in death if not treated.

doping

Illegal use of performance-enhancing substances in competitive sports.

overtraining

Excessive physical training in time and/or intensity that stops yielding benefits or improvement.

adrenaline

A hormone and neurotransmitter created by the body during times of stress; produces the "fight or flight" reaction.

kayaking

A paddle sport done in a seated position using a decked boat and a two-bladed paddle, contrasted to a canoe which is a non-decked boat done in a kneeling position using a single-bladed paddle.