Chapter 5

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude acquired through experience, excluding changes due to illness, injury, or maturation.

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where an organism associates one stimulus with another, leading to a learned response.

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

The process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the outcomes.

Reinforcement

Events following a response that increase the likelihood of that response recurring.

Punishment

Consequences or actions used to decrease undesired behaviors.

Escape Learning

Performing a behavior to prevent or terminate an aversive event.

Avoidance Learning

Engaging in behaviors to avoid anticipated aversive consequences.

Learned Helplessness

Passive resignation to aversive conditions due to repeated exposure to inescapable events.

Observational Learning

Learning by observing others' behaviors and their consequences.

stimulus

any event or object in the environment to which an organism responds

Neutral Stimulus

is presented shortly before an unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned Stimulus

elicits unconditioned response without learning

Unconditioned Response

response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without learning