Avian Coelomic Anatomy

Where is the esophagus located in respect to the trachea in birds?

right of trachea

What is the clinical term for crop?

ingluvies

What birds have an underdeveloped crop?

gulls and penguins

What birds have a well developed crop?

psittacine species

What is crop milk?

high in fat and protein similar to mammalian milk influenced by prolactin

What is the true stomach?

proventriculus

What is the isthmus?

transition from glandular to non-glandular parts of stomach; has mixed tissue due to this

What is the “gizzard”?

ventriculus aka muscular stomach

What are the characteristics of the proventriculus?

produces mucus, pepsinogen and HCL

What are the characteristics of the isthmus?

compound glands that divides proventriculus and ventriculus; predisposed/susceptible to neoplasia

What is the function of the ventriculus?

gastric proteolysis and mechanical digestion; “grinding”

The ventriculus is known to be the muscular stomach, what parts contain thick muscle?

caudodorsal and cranioventral

The ventriculus is known to be the muscular stomach, what parts contain thin muscle?

craniodorsal and caudoventral

What is the purpose of the thick-thin-thick-thin muscle configuration of the ventriculus?

allows stuff to tumble against gastroliths for mechanical digestion

What is the koilin layer?

cuticle of the ventriculus with CHO-protein complex that receives its color from bile reflux

What is the vitelline diverticulus?

remnant of the yolk sac with lymphoepithelial tissue

What are the parts of the cloaca?

corprodeum, urodeum, and protodeum

What is the significance of the bursa of fabricius?

immunological important structure that produces B cells; more developed in younger birds

Can birds survive after an amputated phallus?

some birds don’t have a well developed phallus, this organ is solely used to deposit semen into females therefore amputation with have no impact effect on overall health

What are the three lobes of the pancreas?

dorsal, ventral, and splenic

What is the “triad” associated with the renal system?

kidney, adrenal gland, and gonads

What gonad are less developed in males?

right testes is less developed leaving most of the work to the left

What gonad are not functioning in females?

right ovary is non-functioning, left ovary does all the work

What is the pathway of the avian female reproductive system?

ovary, infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina

Where does the the egg spend the most time during development? Why?

uterus due to putting shell on the egg

List the air sacs and how many (paired or unpaired)

Cervical, (inter)Clavicular, Cranial Thoracic, Caudal Thoracic, and Abdominal. The only unpaired is the clavicular.

Describe the avian respiratory flow

Inspiration 1: trachea to caudal air sacs (bypasses lungs)

Expiration 1: caudal air sacs to lungs

Inspiration 2: lungs to cranial air sacs

Expiration 2: cranial air sacs to trachea

What are the pink indented lines illustrating?

lungs

What are the blue indented lines illustrating?

heart

What are the purple indented lines illustrating?

liver

What are the green indented lines illustrating?

intestines

What are the red indented lines illustrating?

ventriculus; gizzard

What are the pink indented lines illustrating?

lung

What are the light blue indented lines illustrating?

heart

What are the yellow indented lines illustrating?

proventriculus

What are the orange indented lines illustrating?

liver

What are the red indented lines illustrating?

ventriculus; gizzard

What are the purple indented lines illustrating?

spleen

What are the green indented lines illustrating?

intestines

What are the peach indented lines illustrating?

kidney

What are the dark blue indented lines illustrating?

gonads