chapter 19 HIST 2020

liberal internationalism

Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy theory, which rested on the idea that economic and political freedom went hand in hand, and encouraged American intervention abroad in order to secure these freedoms globally.

1903

United states secures panama canal zone

1904

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

1905

The Niagara movement established

1907

Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan

1909

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People organized

1910

Mexican Revolution begins

1914-1919

WW1

1915

Lusitania sinks

1916

Madison Grant’s The Passing of the Great Race

Randolph Bourne’s “Trans-National America”

1917

Zimmermann Telegram intercepted

United States enters the war

Espionage Act passed

Russian Revolution

1918

Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” speech

Eugene V. Debs convicted under the Espionage Act

1918–1920

Worldwide flu epidemic

1919

Eighteenth Amendment

Versailles Treaty signed

1919–1920

Red Scare

1920

Senate rejects the Versailles Treaty

Nineteenth Amendmen

1921

Tulsa riot

Panama Canal Zone

The small strip of land on either side of the Panama Canal; the Canal Zone was under U.S. control from 1903 to 1979 as a result of Theodore Roosevelt’s assistance in engineering a coup in Colombia that established Panama’s independence.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 announcement by President Theodore Roosevelt, essentially a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States could intervene militarily to prevent interference from European powers in the Western Hemisphere.

dollar diplomacy

A foreign policy initiative under President William Howard Taft that promoted the spread of American influence through loans and economic investments from American banks.

moral imperialism

The Wilsonian belief that U.S. foreign policy should be guided by morality and should teach other peoples about democracy. Wilson used this belief to both repudiate Dollar Diplomacy and justify frequent military interventions in Latin America.

lusitania sinking

British passenger liner sunk by a German U-boat, May 7, 1915, creating a diplomatic crisis and public outrage at the loss of 128 Americans (roughly 10 percent of the total aboard); Germany agreed to pay reparations, and the United States waited two more years to enter World War I

Zimmermann telegram

Telegram from the German foreign secretary to the German minister in Mexico, February 1917, instructing the minister to offer to recover Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona for Mexico if it would fight the United States to divert attention from Germany in the event that the United States joined the war

14 points

President Woodrow Wilson’s 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty.

selective service act

Law passed in 1917 to quickly increase enlistment in the army for the U.S. entry into World War I; required men to register with the draft.

war industries board

Board run by financier Bernard Baruch that planned production and allocation of war materiel, supervised purchasing, and fixed prices, 1917-1919.

18th amendment

Prohibition amendment passed in 1919 that made illegal the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages; repealed in 1933.

espionage act

1917 law that prohibited spying and interfering with the draft as well as making “false statements” that hurt the war effort.

limited speech

sedition act

1918 law that made it a crime to make spoken or printed statements that criticized the U.S. government or encouraged interference with the war effort.

clear and present danger

The First Amendment restricts the federal government from prohibiting or abridging the freedom of speech. Here Holmes and the justices voting with the majority claim that there are limits to this protection, including the omission of speech that raises the danger of harm to a person or the public welfare

eugenics

The study of the alleged mental and physical characteristics of different groups of people aiming to “improve” the quality of the human race through selective breeding.

tulsa massacre

A race riot in 1921—the worst in American history—that occurred in Tulsa, Oklahoma, after a group of Black veterans tried to prevent a lynching. Over 300 African Americans were killed, and 10,000 lost their homes in fires set by white mobs.

marcus garvey

The leading spokesman for Negro Nationalism, which exalted Blackness, Black cultural expression, and Black exclusiveness. He called upon African Americans to liberate themselves from the surrounding white culture and create their own businesses, cultural centers, and newspapers. He was also the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded in 1910, the civil rights organization that brought lawsuits against discriminatory practices and published The Crisis, a journal edited by African American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois.

great migration

Large-scale migration of southern Blacks during and after World War I to the North, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years.

red scare 1919-1920

Fear among many Americans after World War I of Communists in particular and noncitizens in general, a reaction to the Russian revolution, mail bombs, strikes, and riots.

versailles treaty

The treaty signed at the Versailles peace conference after World War I, which established President Woodrow Wilson’s vision of an international regulating body, redrew parts of Europe and the Middle East, and assigned economically crippling war reparations to Germany but failed to incorporate all of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

league of nations

Organization of nations to mediate disputes and avoid war, established after World War I as part of the Treaty of Versailles; President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” speech to Congress in 1918 proposed the formation of the league, which the United States never joined.