Designer Genes

Law of Dominance

hybrid offspring will only inherit dominant trait in phenotype

Law of Indepedent Associaton

a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation

Law of Segregation

Allele pairs separate during gamete formation and reunite randomly in fertilization

Epistasis

when the phenotype of one allele masks the phenotype of another allele

Recombination Frequency

Identifies linkage b/etween genes that are close together on a chromosome & approximate physical distance between them. Equation: Number of recombinants/Total offspring * 100

Nondisjunction

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly during mitosis/meiosis, leading to abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells

V(D)J Recombination

Used to make unique antibodies in B and T cells

Immunoglobin class switching

changes class/isotype of antibody without changing antigen specificity. Occurs in mature B cells after encountering an antigen & receiving signals from T helper cells.

Harvey-Weinberg Equlibrium

frequencies of alleles & genotypes in population will stay the same over generations