nervous system

with the use of sensory receptors, the nervous system is able to detect changes in our surrounding environment and changes that occur inside the body

reception

within the CNS, we are able to interpret and integrate sensory input, and store sensory information as memory to produce thoughts.

integration

we can respond to sensory input by initiating muscular contractions or glandular secretions

response

largest cells and are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system

neurons

cells that provide support and protection for the neuron

neuroglial cells/glial cells

contains mainly myelinated axons. the myelin sheaths give white matter a lighter color

white matter

bundles of white matter in the CNS

tracts

bundles of white matter in the PNS

nerves

contains mainly cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. this color because of the absence of myelin sheaths.

gray matter

bundles of gray matter in the CNS

nuclei

bundles of gray matter in the PNS

ganglia

control center for all nervous system functions. consists of the brain and spinal cord, all sensory info is delivered here and interpreted, produces all motor impulses going to muscles or glands

CNS

consists of nerves that connect brain and spinal cord to muscles, glands, and receptors

PNS

nerves that connect to the brain

cranial nerves

nerves connected to the spinal cord

spinal nerves

cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS send sensory info from these to CNS

receptors

cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS transmit motor info from the CNS to these

effector organs

consists of sensory neurons that send impulses from receptors to the CNS

sensory (afferent) division

detect general sensations (touch, pressure, temperature, pain, body position) in the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

somatic sensory receptors

detect sensations in the internal organs

visceral sensory receptors

detect special sensations (smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium)

special sensory receptors

consists of motor (efferent) neurons that send impulses from CNS to effector organs

motor (efferent) division

contains motor (efferent) neurons from going to the CNS to skeletal muscle, impulse pathway produces voluntary actions

somatic nervous system

contains motor (efferent) neurons going from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. impulse pathway produces involuntary actions

autonomic nervous system

connective tissue that covers the entire peripheral nerve

epineurium

connective tissue that covers bundles of axons called fasicles

perineurium

connective tissue that surrounds an individual axon

endoneurium

connective tissue coverings of the brain and spinal cord that provided added protection

meninges

series of deep cavities within the CNS that are filled with CSF

ventricles

CSF produced by this capillary network

choroid plexus

all spinal nerves are _____ nerves because they contain both sensory and motor neurons

mixed

thin strand of pia mater that extends from the conus medullaris (termination of the spinal cord) to the coccyx

filum terminale

lateral extensions along the entire length of the spinal cord connecting the pia mater to the dura mater

denticulate ligaments

over accumulation of CSF in the brain ventricles caused by blockage or reduction of normal drainage of CSF from brain ventricles, could be from tumor or infection such as meningitis, treatment=implanting a shunt that diverts the CSF from brain ventricles to either peritoneal cavity or a vein in the neck

hydrocephalus

anesthetics injected into the epidural space, resulting in temporary loss of function to the spinal nerves adjacent to the area of injection, reduces pain of childbirth by injecting into the epidural space between L3 and L4 vertebra

epidural block

What are the 4 nerve plexus

Cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

What is the nerve for cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve

what are the nerves for brachial plexus

Axillary, radial, ulnar, median

What is the nerve for Lumbar plexus

Femoral nerve

What is the nerve for sacral plexus

Sciatic nerve

Supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm, which is the chief muscle causing breathing

Phrenic nerve

Innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles, and the shoulder joint

Axillary nerve

Innervates posterior, lateral forearm (elbow extension, forearm supination, wrist and finger extension, and thumb abduction)

Radial nerve

Innervates the medial forearm (flexors, adductors, and abductors of wrist and fingers)

Ulnar nerve

Innervates the anterior forearm (flexors and pronators of wrist, fingers, and thumb)

Median nerve

Innervates the anterior thigh muscles (thigh flexors and knee extensors)

Femoral nerve

Thickest and longest nerve in the body, Innervates from gluteus maximus to the bottom of the foot (thigh extensors and adductors, knee flexors, foot extensors and dorsiflexors- posterior side of leg)

Sciatic nerve

what makes up the brain stem?

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

conducts impulses from sensory receptors located in the body to the CNS (brain or spinal cord)

sensory (afferent) neurons

act as a relay station for an impulse from one part of the brain or spinal cord to another, majority of neurons in CNS are these

interneurons

conducts impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscle or gland)

motor (efferent) neurons