Unit 5 Cardiovascular System Test Review — Anatomy
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51 Terms
What is the thickest wall of the heart and why?
The myocardium is the thickest as it contains the cardiac muscle tissue used to pump the blood.
What part of the heart acts as the pacemaker?
The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker as it signals when the heart should pump/contract.
Where is the SA node located?
The SA node is located in the Right Atrial Wall.
Define systolic.
Systolic refers to the contraction or ejection of blood from a vein or artery.
Define diastolic.
Diastolic refers to the expanding or filling of blood from a vein or artery.
Which number is the systolic blood pressure and which is diastolic when taking blood pressure?
The top number is systolic blood pressure, the bottom is diastolic blood pressure.
Path of blood through the heart: What side is oxygenated and which is deoxygenated?
Oxygenated blood comes from the lungs, while deoxygenated blood returns from the body.
What happens when the A/V valves close?
The A/V valves close to prevent backflow as blood passes from the atrium to the ventricle.
What happens when the semilunar valves close?
The semilunar valves close to prevent backflow once blood has passed from the ventricles to the body.
What is the term for a lack of oxygen to the body?
Hypoxia.
How is the lumen different in arteries and veins?
Arteries have a small lumen, while veins have a large lumen.
What are the upper chambers of the heart called?
Upper chambers are called atriums.
What are the lower chambers of the heart called?
Lower chambers are called ventricles.
Describe the structure for the layers of the heart wall.
Epicardium is superficial, myocardium is medial, endocardium is deep.
What are chordae tendinae?
Chordae tendinae are structures that help close the A/V valves; the papillary muscle pulls on them.
What is the sound made when the A/V valves close?
The sound is called 'Lub'.
What is the sound made when the semilunar valves close?
The sound is called 'Dup'.
What is the function of the bicuspid valve?
The bicuspid valve prevents backflow between the left atrium and ventricle.
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
The tricuspid valve prevents backflow between the right atrium and ventricle.
What is the function of the aortic valve?
The aortic valve prevents backflow between the left ventricle and aorta.
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
The pulmonary valve prevents backflow between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
What is the difference between the apex and base of the heart?
The apex is the pointed end of the heart, while the base is where the major arteries and veins enter and exit (top part).
List four factors that would increase heart rate.
Factors include aging, exercise, stress, and caffeine.
What encloses the heart?
The pericardium encloses the heart.
What causes pericarditis?
Pericarditis is caused by inflammation of the pericardium.
From which artery is blood pressure most likely taken?
Blood pressure is most commonly taken from the brachial artery.
Where is the pericardial cavity located?
The pericardial cavity is located between the layers of the pericardium.
Where is the pulse the strongest?
The pulse is strongest at the carotid artery and radial artery.
What is the normal blood pressure?
Normal blood pressure is typically around 120/80 mmHg.
What are two differences between veins and arteries?
Arteries have thicker walls and carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins have thinner walls and carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
What is the function of capillaries?
Capillaries facilitate the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
What are the layers of veins and arteries?
Both arteries and veins have three layers: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.
The tunic intima is the deepest of the tunica layers, providing a smooth surface for blood flow.
The tunica media is the middle layer, consisting of smooth muscle and elastic fibers, allowing for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
The tunica externa, is the outer layer made of connective tissue, providing structural support.
Describe the conduction system of the heart.
The conduction system includes the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, which carry action potentials throughout the heart.
How do you determine cardiac output?
Cardiac output is determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
What is the average cardiac output for adults?
The average cardiac output for adults is about 5 to 6 liters per minute.
What is pulmonary flow?
Pulmonary flow refers to the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.
What is systemic flow?
Systemic flow refers to the circulation of blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Which chamber functions as the pulmonary pump?
The right ventricle functions as the pulmonary pump.
Which chamber functions as the systemic pump?
The left ventricle functions as the systemic pump.
What muscle allows the closing/opening of the valves of the heart?
The papillary muscles allow the closing/opening of the valves.
What are risk factors for heart disease?
Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, high cholesterol, and diabetes.
What is the difference between vagal and sympathetic nervous stimulation?
Vagal stimulation decreases heart rate, while sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate.
What is tachycardia?
Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate.
What is bradycardia?
Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart rate.
What is EPO and its purpose?
EPO, or erythropoietin, is a hormone produced by the kidneys that promotes the formation of red blood cells.
What are blood types based on?
Blood types are based on the presence of specific antigens and antibodies.
What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells, primarily occurring in the bone marrow.
What is hypoxia and how does the body react?
Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen in tissues, and the body reacts by increasing heart rate and breathing rate.
What are the components of blood?
Blood components include red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
What are the types of formed elements and their functions?
Types of formed elements include red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (immune response), and platelets (blood clotting).
List the path of blood through the heart. Which side is oxygenated and deoxygenated?
Deoxygenated | Oxygenated |
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