Unit 5 Cardiovascular System Test Review — Anatomy

  1. Which wall of the heart is thickest and why?

    1. The myocardium is the thickest as it contains the cardiac muscle tissue used to pump the blood.

  2. What part of the heart is the pacemaker and why?

    1. The SA node acts as the heart's pacemaker as it signals when the heart should pump/contract. It is used because electrical impulses are fast.

  3. Where is the SA node located?

    1. Right Atrial Wall 

  4. Define systolic and diastolic. (ventricular diastole, atrial systole etc.)

    1. Systolic refers to the contraction or ejection of blood from a vein or artery.

    2. Diastolic refers to the expanding or filling of blood from a vein or artery.

  5. When taking blood pressure, which of the two is the top number and which is the bottom number?

    1. The top number is systolic blood pressure, the bottom is diastolic blood pressure.

  6. List the path of blood through the heart. Which side is oxygenated and deoxygenated?

Oxygenated

Deoxygenated


  1. Vena Cavae


  1. Right Atrium 


  1. Tricuspid Valve


  1. Right Ventricle (pulmonary pumps)


  1. Pulmonary valve 


  1. Pulmonary trunk 


  1. Pulmonary Arteries 

  1. Capillary beds of the lungs


  1. Pulmonary Veins


  1. Left Atrium 


  1. Bicuspid Valve 


  1. Left Ventricle (called systemic pump)


  1. Aortic valve


  1. Aorta 


  1. Systemic Circulation




  1. Explain what is happening when the A/V valves are closing? When the semilunar valves are closing? What sounds do they make?

    1. The A/V valves close as blood passes from atrium to ventricle in order to prevent backflow. The semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) close once blood has passed from the ventricles to the body, they do so to prevent backflow. The sounds made are lub/dup. Lub is when the A/V valves close, Dup is when the semilunar valves close. 

  2. What is the term for the lack of oxygen to the body?

    1. Hypoxia

  3. How is the lumen different in the arteries and veins?

    1. Arteries have a small lumen, Veins have a large lumen 

  4. What are the upper chambers of the heart called? Lower?

    1. Upper chambers are atriums, lower chambers are ventricles.

  5. What is the structure for the layers of the heart wall? describe

    1. Epicardium is superficial 

    2. Myocardium is medial

    3. Endocardium is deep

  6. Define chordae tendinae. Function?

    1. The papillary muscle pulls on the chordae tendineae to open the semilunar valve. It functions to close the A/V valves (both tricuspid and bicuspid)

  7. What are Lubb and Dupp?

    1. Lub is the sound made when the A/V valves close

    2. Dup is the sound made when the semilunar valves close

  8. What are the functions of the valves of the heart? Structure of four valves?

    1. Bicuspid valve — Prevents backflow between left atrium and ventricle 

    2. Tricuspid valve — Prevents backflow between right atrium and ventricle 

    3. Aortic valve — Prevents backflow between left ventricle and aorta 

    4. Pulmonary valve — Prevents backflow between right ventricle and pulmonary artery 

  9. What is the difference between the apex and base?

  10. Heart: Where is it? Between? Size? Lies on?

  11. List four things that would increase heart rate.

  12. As we age (adult-55 +) the heart rate             ? Infant heart rate?

  13. What encloses the heart? What is and causes pericarditis?

  14. What artery is blood pressure most likely taken from?

  15. Where is the pericardial cavity?

  16. Where is the pulse the strongest?

  17. What is the normal blood pressure?

  18. What are two differences between veins and arteries?

  19. What is the function of capillaries?

  20. What are the layers of veins and arteries?

  21. Describe the conduction system of the heart. Know the path the action potential/nerve impulse takes.

  22. How do you determine cardiac output? What is it? Average cardiac output for adults?

  23. What is pulmonary and systemic flow? Which chamber is the pulmonary pump? Systemic pump?

  24. What muscle allows the closing/opening of the valves of the heart?

  25. Disorder: look up myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, congestive heart failure, pulmonary edema, anemia, leukemia, hemophilia. Risk factors for heart disease.

  26. Vagal vs. Sympathetic nervous stimulation.

  27. Tachycardia vs. Bradycardia

  28. EPO and it purpose

  29. blood types-antigens/antibodies

  30. hematopoiesis-what and where

  31. What is hypoxia-how does the body react?

  32. Components of blood

  33. Types of formed elements and their functions