Chapter 19: MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

What is development?

Economic change increasing a place's prosperity. Measured by economic and social indicators.

Define human development.

Improving freedoms, rights, and material conditions. Measured by HDI components.

What do geographers use to measure living standards?

Social indicators like resources and education. Measured by data collection and analysis.

What are the three categories of country development?

Core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Measured by economic diversification and global influence.

What is GDP?

Value of goods and services produced within a country. Measured in monetary terms annually.

What is GNP?

Value of goods and services by a country's citizens globally. Measured in monetary terms annually.

What is GNI per capita?

GNP divided by population. Measured in monetary terms per person.

How is GDP per capita calculated?

GDP divided by midyear population. Measured in monetary terms per person.

Which does the World Bank prefer: GNI or GNP?

GNI per capita. Measured in monetary terms per person.

What does high GNI per capita indicate?

High international investment and corporations. Measured by financial data.

What does economic structure measure?

Development level. Measured by sector employment distribution.

What are the economic sectors?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary. Measured by occupation statistics.

What is the formal sector?

Government-supervised, taxed economic activities. Measured by official records and tax data.

What is the informal sector?

Untaxed, unregulated economic activities. Measured by estimations and surveys.

Why is the informal sector excluded from GDP/GNI?

It is not tracked by the government. Measured by lack of official records.

What do fossil fuels indicate about development?

Energy use levels. Measured by energy consumption statistics.

What are social indicators?

Fertility rates, IMR, literacy, healthcare, etc. Measured by statistical surveys and reports.

What is TFR?

Total fertility rate; births per woman. Measured by birth statistics.

What is IMR?

Infant mortality rate; infant deaths. Measured by death records of infants.

How does education affect TFR?

Higher education, lower TFR. Measured by correlation studies.

What does life expectancy indicate?

Standard of living and healthcare. Measured by average lifespan.

Why are literacy rates important?

They drive economic development. Measured by reading/writing ability tests.

What is HDI?

Human Development Index; health, education, living standard. Measured by combining life expectancy, education, and GNI data.

What three factors does HDI measure?

Health, education, standard of living. Measured by data in each respective category.

What is PPP?

Purchasing power parity; adjusts for exchange rates. Measured by comparing costs of goods.

What is parity?

Balance between two groups. Measured by ratio comparison.

What is equality?

Same resources and opportunities for everyone. Measured by equal access and outcomes.

What is equity?

Fairness, addressing lack of opportunities. Measured by targeted support and outcomes.

What is the GDI?

Gender Development Index; gender disparity in HDI. Measured by the ratio of female to male HDI.

What is the GII?

Gender Inequality Index; reproductive health, empowerment, labor. Measured by data on MMR, ABR, political representation, education, and labor participation.

What is MMR?

Maternal mortality ratio; maternal deaths per births. Measured by death records during childbirth.

What is ABR?

Adolescent birth rate; births per women age 15-19. Measured by birth statistics.

What does women's empowerment mean?

Women's options and participation in society. Measured by social and economic participation.

How is political representation measured?

Ratio of women to men in government seats. Measured by government records.

How is educational attainment measured?

Ratio of adult women to men with secondary education. Measured by educational surveys.

What is LMP?

Labor-market participation rate. Measured by labor force surveys.

What are gender roles?

Socially constructed expectations for men and women. Measured by sociological studies.

How does economic change affect gender roles?

Increases opportunities for women. Measured by employment and education statistics.

What challenges do women face in urban areas?

Traditional roles, barriers to employment. Measured by social and economic data.

How has women's workforce participation changed?

Increased, but gaps persist. Measured by labor force statistics.

How does education affect women's opportunities?

Empowers, improves health, higher-paying jobs. Measured by correlation studies.

What are factors affecting women's education?

Poverty, isolation, early marriage, violence. Measured by social surveys.

What is a microloan?

Small, low-interest loan for people in need. Measured by loan distribution records.

What is Rostow's model?

Stages of economic growth. Measured by economic indicators over time.

What are the five stages of Rostow's model?

Traditional, preconditions, takeoff, maturity, consumption. Measured by economic indicators at each stage.

What are limitations of Rostow's model?

Doesn't fit all countries, ignores geography, environment. Measured by comparative economic studies.

What is Wallerstein's world system theory?

Core, periphery, semi-periphery interconnectedness. Measured by global trade patterns.

What are core countries?

Dominate global trade. Measured by trade statistics and economic influence.

What are periphery countries?

Supply raw materials, cheap labor. Measured by export and import data.

What are semi-periphery countries?

Have elements of both core and periphery. Measured by economic diversification and global trade.

What is dependency theory?

Rich-poor country relationships, underdevelopment. Measured by trade imbalances and historical analysis.

What is commodity dependence?

Economic reliance on 1-2 resources. Measured by export concentration.

How does commodity dependence affect countries?

Economic instability, political instability. Measured by economic volatility and political stability indexes.