NA bits

Oneida v. Oneida

• 1974

• Supreme Court held that Natives could sue to get their land back

US v. Sioux

• 1980

• Sued for the land of the Black Hills back because it was their ancestral land

• White people already lived there so instead the gov offered over $100 million in compensation which they refused

• Refutes Oneida v. Oneida

Dawes Act

• 1887, President Cleveland

• each family head received 160 acres of farmland for 25 years in trust, after which it was full ownership of the natives

• natives to have full citizenship

• unallotted land to go to whites

• no longer subject to their own tribal laws

• main aims

  • detribalisation

  • assimilation

  • end communal ownership of the land in favour of individualism

Consequences of allotment

• 50% of native land by 1900

• 70% of native land lost between 1887 and 1934

IRA

• Indian Reorganisation Act, 1934

• Ended policy of allotment

• Limited tribal self-government

• introduction of tribal councils

• fed gov retains oversight and control of funding

• 75 out of 245 tribes reject the IRA

Code of Indian Offences

• 1883

• participate in culture = fines, imprisonment and relinquishing of rations

• overturned in 1934 with IRA

Great Sioux War

• 1876

• aka Black Hills War

• example of NA resistance to westward expansion

• Sioux reservation reduced by 33% in 1877

• loss of nomadic culture due to loss of land

• dependence on buffalo ended

• end of armed resistance

IAA

• 1871

• Indian Appropriations Act

• De jure dependence of NA tribes on the fed gov

• officially no longer recognised the validity of the existence of tribes as independent nations

• designated NAs as wards of the government

Indian Self-Determination Act (ISDA) and Indian Education Act (IEA)

• 1975

• gives over significant control over education on reservations in terms of curriculum

• facilities still mainly funded by fed gov

• degree of autonomy not seen since the IAA

• ended the era of termination

Americanisation

• Doctrine enforced by the Dawes Act, 1887

Termination

• 1953

• formally declared end to Federal aid

• ended federal supervision

• ended recognition of sovereignty for 109 tribes by 1964

• forced assimiliation

• transferred legal jurisdiction of tribal lands to states

• over a million acres of tribal land lost

Religious Freedom Act

• 1978