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Support

Provides a framework for the body.

Protection

Shields vital organs, such as the skull protecting the brain.

Movement

Works with muscles to facilitate physical motion.

Blood Cell Production

Creates red and white blood cells in the bone marrow.

Mineral Storage

Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus within the skeleton.

Long Bones

Bones crucial for movement, such as the femur.

Short Bones

Bones that provide stability and support, like the carpals.

Flat Bones

Bones that protect internal organs, such as the sternum.

Irregular Bones

Bones that support the body and protect the spinal cord, e.g., vertebrae.

Synovial Joints

Permit smooth movement, lubricated by synovial fluid.

Hinge Joints

Allow movement in one direction, such as the knee.

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Facilitate circular motion, like in the shoulder.

Voluntary Muscles

Control movements consciously, known as skeletal muscles.

Involuntary Muscles

Work automatically in organs, referred to as smooth muscles.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle found in the heart responsible for pumping blood.

Antagonistic Muscle Pairs

Pairs like biceps and triceps that work together during flexion and extension.

Flexion

Decreases the angle between two body parts.

Extension

Increases the angle between two body parts.

Abduction

Moves a limb away from the body.

Adduction

Moves a limb toward the body.

Rotation

Movement around an axis.

Circumduction

Moves in a circular motion.

Atria

Upper chambers of the heart that receive blood.

Ventricles

Lower chambers of the heart that pump blood out.

Valves

Ensure a one-way flow of blood in the cardiovascular system.

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Veins

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart.

Capillaries

Exchange nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.

Red Blood Cells

Transport oxygen throughout the body.

White Blood Cells

Fight infection and support the immune system.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood carrying nutrients, hormones, and waste.

Platelets

Aid in blood clotting.

Oxygen Exchange

Occurs at alveoli where oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide exits.

Cardiac Output

Calculated as Q = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume.

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inhaled/exhaled at rest.

Vital Capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation.

Residual Volume

Air remaining in the lungs post-exhalation.

Aerobic Respiration

Involves oxygen and is used for sustained activities.

Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs without oxygen and produces lactic acid, like during sprinting.

First-Class Lever

Fulcrum is in the middle, e.g., neck.

Second-Class Lever

Load is in the middle, e.g., standing on tiptoes.

Third-Class Lever

Effort is in the middle, e.g., bicep curl.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right sections.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into front and back sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom sections.

Cardiovascular Endurance

Ability to sustain aerobic exercise.

Muscular Strength

Maximum force exerted by a muscle or muscle group.

Muscular Endurance

Ability of a muscle to sustain repeated contractions.

Flexibility

Range of motion around joints.

Body Composition

Ratio of fat to lean mass in the body.

Agility

Ability to change direction quickly.

Balance

Ability to maintain stability.

Coordination

Ability to use different body parts together effectively.

Power

Ability to exert maximum force in a short time.

Reaction Time

The time taken to respond to a stimulus.

Speed

Ability to move quickly.

Specificity

Training should be relevant to the sport being performed.

Progressive Overload

Gradually increasing training demands to improve performance.

Reversibility

Fitness gains are lost when training is stopped.

Tedium

Preventing boredom in training through variety.

Frequency

How often training sessions occur.

Intensity

How hard the training activities are.

Time

Duration of the training sessions.

Type

The kind of training being performed.

Continuous Training

Steady and long-duration exercise.

Interval Training

Alternating high and low-intensity efforts.

Circuit Training

Series of exercises performed in succession.

Weight Training

Resistance training to build muscle strength.

Fartlek Training

Combining different speeds in a run.

Plyometric Training

Exercises exerting maximal force in short intervals.

Skill Classification

Movement can be basic to complex, open to closed, etc.

SMART Goals

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound goals.

Visualisation

Mental imagery of successful performance.

Mental Rehearsal

Practicing skills mentally without physical movement.

Positive Self-Talk

Using encouraging language to boost performance.

Selective Attention

Focusing on relevant cues while ignoring distractions.

Participation Factors

Personal, socio-economic, and cultural influences on sports involvement.

Commercialisation of Sport

The influence of media, sponsorships, and broadcasting on sports.

Sportsmanship

Conducting oneself fairly and respecting rules.

Gamesmanship

Using tactics to gain advantages, even if unfair.

Deviance

Activities that break sports rules, like doping.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs)

Substances used to improve athletic performance.

Physical Well-Being

Includes illness prevention and improved energy levels through activity.

Emotional Well-Being

Elevated self-esteem and stress relief through physical activity.

Social Well-Being

Building connections and community through participation in sports.

Macronutrients

Nutrients providing energy: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Micronutrients

Essential vitamins and minerals for bodily function.

Hydration

Importance of water for optimal cognitive and physical performance.

Sedentary Behavior

Associated risks like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Smoking and Alcohol

Negative influences on fitness and overall health.

Positive Lifestyle Factors

Regular exercise, nutritious diet, and proper sleep routines.

Data Analysis in Sport

Interpreting graphs/charts, comparing groups, and measuring performance.

Use of Data in Sport

Applying data to enhance performance and participation.