Image Eval Combined Study Set

What is the number of great body cavities in the torso?

2

When a patient is laying down, for a chest x-ray, how does this effect vessels?

engorges them

What is the correct rotation for an RAO sternum?

15-20 degrees

The approximate length of the sternum is

7”

Where should you center for lateral sternum

T6

Where is the most common location for an aspirated foregin body?

Right side of the bronchial tree

Which long bone study uses an opaque ruler and makes 1 exposure that includes everything at once?

teleoroentgenography

which long bone imaging technique uses three separate images?

scanogram

Bone age studies can predict

1. height

2. length of time left to grow

3. puberty age

What body parts are imaged for a bone age study?

left hand and wrist

A ruler is used on a long leg study for

surgical planning

AP Scapula CR centering point

2” below coracoid process

When you abduct the arm away from the body for an AP scapula, the body is demonstrated

horizontally apparently

number of bones in an adult hand (phalanges, metacarpals, carpals)

27

The olecranon fossa is found

on the distal, posterior surface of the humerus

What is the ideal respiratory phase for an AP scapula

orthostatic breathing

What bones make up the shoulder girdle

clavicle and scapula

What is in profile on a lateral projection of the elbow

the olecranon process

What projection is used when the patient cannot move their arm to acquire a lateral projection of the distal humerus

Coyle method

How much weight for AC joints on the average person

8 pounds

Where is the adductor tubercle located

medial epicondyle (posterior aspect)

What joint spaces are open on a mortise ankle?

1. tibiotalar

2. talofibular

3. medial mortise

AP Pelvis demonstrates

1. ischial spines aligned with the pelvic brim

2. sacrum/coccyx aligned with pubic symphysis

3. symmetrical obturator foramen

How is the female pelvis different from the male pelvis

1. obturator foramen are smaller

2. overall shape is wider

The tibial plateau is angled

10-20 degrees posteriorly

The femur is angled _____ degrees from vertical in anatomic position

10 degrees

AP Pelvis centering point

midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

What is the Grandy method?

lateral C-spine

What will an ap axis/atlas view show

axis’s spinous process in the center of it’s body

Centering for oblique lumbar

2” medial to ASIS and 2” superior to iliac crest

How many true vertebra are in the adult spinal column

24

The spinal nerves and blood vessels exit the spinal columb through the

sacral foramina

In a regular PA skull, what is demonstrated

dorsum sellae superior to ethmoid sinuses

How much do you rotate for an RAO esophagus?

35-40 degrees

What projection is an essential oblique projection for the stomach and duodenum

LPO

What projection demonstrates the duodenal bulb and loop in profile

RAO

What position best demonstrates the ascending colon

RAO

What position best demonstrates diaphragmatic herniation

Trendelenburg

A PA stomach will best demonstrate what part of the stomach

anterior aspect

What are the essential projections of the small intestine?

AP and PA

How many bones make up the cranium?

8

What is the widest portion of the skull?

between the parietal tubercles

What organs do the temporal bones house?

1. hearing organs

2. vestibular (balance) organs

What process extends off of the temporal bone to form the cheek bone with another process?

the zygomatic process (of the temporal bone)

What important positioning landmarks are contained within the temporal bone?

the EAM

the petrous ridges

What are the parts of the temporal bone (3)

1. squamous

2. mastoid

3. petrous

Which part of the entire skull is the most vulnerable to fracture?

the squamous portion of the temporal bone

What important temporal bone feature is at the level of the TEA?

the petrous ridge

Where is sphenoid sinus located in relation to the sella turcica

directly under it

What organ does the sella turcica surround in the brain?

Pituitary gland

What projection is the sella turcica best seen on?

lateral

What does sella turcica mean?

Turkish saddle

What are the sutures of the cranium?

1. coronal

2. sagittal

3. lambdoid

4. squamous

What are sutures of the skull classified as (joint)

fibrous synarthroidal

What are the not yet ossified/open regions of the skull called on an infant?

fontanels

How many fontanels are on the skull?

6

What are sutural/wormain bones?

Tiny, irregular bones that develop in the adult suture of the skull

most often in lambda suture

How many facial bones are there?

14

how many of the facial bones are unpaired?

2

What are the two unpaired facial bones?

1. Vomer

2. Mandible

What is the largest immovable bones in the skull?

maxillae

What is the largest movable bone?

mandible

What are the 4 processes on the maxillary bones?

1. palatine (hidden)

2. frontal

3. zygomatic

4. alveolar

What view best shows the maxillary sinuses?

Waters

Which facial bone is the thinnest/most fragile?

lacrimal

How big are the lacrimal bones?

around the size/shape of a fingernail

What is the purpose of the 3 nasal conchae?

warms + cleans air before reaching the lungs

What is the nasal septum formed by

1. perpendicular plate

2. vomer

How soon after birth does the mandible fuse into one bone?

1 year

What is the TMJ joint classified as?

bicondylar (hinge with slight side to side movement), synovial

what joint classification is teeth?

gomphosis, fibrous

Which sinuses are a part of a facial bone structure

maxillary

What are the purposes of sinuses?

1. vocal resonance

2. lighter skull weight

3. produce mucus to moisten air

which sinus develops last?

Ethmoid

Which sinus develops first?

maxillary

What does air/fluid levels in the sphenoid sinus indicate

can be indicative of a basal skull fracture or sphenoidal effusion

What shape are the orbits

cones (posterior = apex), (anterior = base)

What bones are the orbits made of?

7 bones

1. frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid

2. zygomatic, maxillary, lacrimal, palatine

Types of cranial fractures

1. Linear

2. Depressed (ping-pong)

3. Basal skull

Skull is a common site for what kind of cancer?

metastasis

Skull morphology width:length ratio

1. Mesocephalic - 75-80% length

2. Brachycephalic - 80% length and up

3. Doliocephalic - 75% length and under

AP Axial Towne

1. OML perpendicular to IR

2. 30 degrees caudad angle (37 degree if IOML)

3. center 2 ½ “ above glabella

Skull Lateral

1. IPL perpendicular to IR

2. IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR

3. center 2” above EAM

PA Axial Skull

1. OML perpendicular to IR

2. 15 degree caudad exit to nasion

PA Skull

1. nose and forehead to IR

2. OML perpendicular to IR, CR perpendicular to IR

PA Axial Haas

1. nose and forehead against IR (OML perpendicular)

2. CR 25 degrees cephalad

3. exit 1 ½ “ superior to nasion

Facial Bones Lateral

1. IPL perpendicualr to IR, IOML perpendicualr to front edge of IR

2. center CR to zygoma (midway btw outer canthus and EAM)

3. must demonstrate mandible

Parietoacanthial Facial Bones

1. MML perpendicular to IR

2. OML makes 37 degree angle with IR

3. CR exits at acanthion

Mod. Waters

1. LML perpendicular to IR

2. OML forms 55 degree angle to IR

3. best for orbital fractures

Nasal Bones Lateral

1. IPL = to IR

2. IOML perpendicular to IR

3. CR ½ “ inferior to nasion

4. 2” collimation

Superoinferior Nasal Bone (tangential)

IR perpendicular to GAL , rest chin on IR

CR to nasion

Parieto-oblique optic foramina (Rhese)

1. prone, AML perpendicular to IR, chin/cheek/nose touched to IR

2. 37 degrees towards affected side

3. angle between MSP and IR 53 degrees

4. CR perpendicular to IR, at downside orbit

5. 3” collimation

Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

1. Extend neck slightly/close eyes/bright teeth together

2. rotate towards IR based on anatomy of interest

   1. general survey of mandible 10-15 degrees

   2. body - 30 degrees

   3. mentum - 45 degrees

3. 25 degrees cephalad angle directed to mandibular region of interest (if no head tilt is applied)

PA Axial Mandible

1. OML perpendicular to IR (nose/forehead on IR)

2. PA - CR perpendicular to IR, exit at lips

3. PA axial - 20-25 degrees cephalad angle, exit at acanthion

AP Axial Mandible

1. OML perpendicular to IR

2. 35 degree caudad angle, 42 degree if IOML

3. Center 1” above glabella

SMV mandible

IOML = to IR, 1 ½ “ inferior to mandibular symphysis

AP Axial TMJ (mod. Towne)

1. OML perpendicular to IR

2. CR 35 degrees caudad

3. 3” superior to nasion

Axiolateral Oblique TMJ

1. IPL perpendicular to IR, IOML perpendicular to front edge of IR

2. rotate face 15 degrees towards IR

3. CR 15 degres caudad, 1 ½ “ superior to upside EAM

Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller)

1. true lateral

2. IOML perpendicular to IR front edge

3. closed/open mouth views

4. CR 25-30 degree caudad angle

5. 1/2” to 2” superior to EAM (upside)

Lateral Sinuses

IPL/IOML perpendicular

CR centered midway btw outer canthus and EAM