psych outcome 2

learning

the process of acquiring knowledge or skills resulting from experience; there are many approaches

behaviourist approach

an approach to learning that states that behaviours are learned through interactions with the environment

conditioning

the learning process by which the behaviour of an organism becomes dependent on an event occurring in its environment

stimulus

an environmental event that triggers a response in an organism

response

a behavioural reaction to a stimulus

classical conditioning

a simple form of learning that occurs through repeated associations between two stimuli to produce a conditioned response

classical conditioning- unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response

classical conditioning- unconditioned response

a response that occurs automatically/ involuntarily when the unconditioned stimulus is presented

classical conditioning- neutral stimulus

a stimulus (prior to conditioning) that doesn’t produce a response

acquisition

the process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus)

classical conditioning- conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that was previously neutral but now, as a result of repeated associations with the unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response

classical conditioning- conditioned response

a learned behaviour that is similar to the unconditioned response and is now triggered by the conditioned stimulus as a result of conditioning

operant conditioning

a learning process in which the likelihood of a voluntary behaviour occurring is determined by its consequences

operant conditioning- antecedent

an environmental stimulus that triggers an action

operant conditioning- behaviour

any observable action by an organism

operant conditioning- consequence

something that makes a behaviour more or less likely to occur again

operant conditioning- reinforcement

a stimulus from the environment that increase the likelihood of a response occurring in the future

operant conditioning- positive reinforcement

when a behaviour is followed by adding a desirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

operant conditioning- negative reinforcement

when a behaviour is followed by the removal of an undesirable stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

operant conditioning- punishment

a stimulus from the environment that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour occurring again

operant conditioning- positive punishment

when a behaviour is followed by adding an undesirable stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

operant conditioning- negative punishment

when a behaviour is followed by the removal of a desirable stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again

observational learning- learner

the individual who observes, remembers and initiates the actions of the model

observational learning- model

the live, pre-recorded or symbolic person being observed

observational learning

a type of social learning that occurs when a learner observes a model’s actions and their consequences to guide their future actions

social-cognitive approach

when individuals process, remember and learn information in social contexts to explain and predict their behaviour and that of others

observational learning- attention

the learner actively watches the model’s behaviour and the consequences

observational learning- retention

when the learner stores (retains) a mental representation of the model’s behaviour

observational learning- reproduction

the learner’s physical and mental capabilities enable them to perform the model’s behaviour

observational learning- motivation

the learner’s desire to perform the model’s behaviour

observational learning- reinforcement

receiving a reward or desirable factor that increases the likelihood that the learner will reproduce the behaviour in future

connection to country

Indigenous ways of knowing are known to be rooted with deep respect for the ecology and the importance of the connected relationship with the land

8 ways of knowing

1. story sharing

2. learning maps

3. non verbal

4. symbols and images

5. land links

6. non linear

7. deconstruct/reconstruct

8. community links

story sharing-indigenous ways of knowing

continually sharing stories (yarning) as a way of gaining knowledge or learning.

learning maps-indigenous ways of knowing

picturing a pathway and creating a deliberate visual plan for learners to follow or visuals used to map out processes for learners

non verbal - indigenous ways of knowing

using non-verbal kinaesthetic approaches to share knowledge without words. instead, they use dance, facial expressions and kinaesthetic skills to think and learn. improtant for learning that these skills are used repeatedly

symbols and images- indigenous ways of knowing

learning is kept and shared through symbols and images in the form of art and drawing.

kinaesthetic- indigenous ways of knowing

to do with body movement or sensation

land links: placed based learning- indigenous ways of knowing

when land links are made with nature. place-based learning is drawn from the living landscape within a framework of profound ancestral and personal relationships with place

non linear- indigenous ways of knowing

indirect, innovative and interdisciplinary approaches to learning: different phases of learning that can be learned in the order that best suits that moment

deconstruct/reconstruct- indigenous ways of knowing

the learner looks at a whole process of a concept

before looking at parts in detail. Learners may watch a complete process to understand its purpose and what it produces, and then learn individual steps to get there

community links- indigenous ways of knowing

connecting learning to local values and needs, the learner brings new knowledge to help their mob. learning is based on local viewpoints and will benefit not only the community but the learner as their learning is given real life purpose