Wake Tech Psy 150 Final Exam Review

Treatment for psychological disorders in which a therapist works with clients to help them understand their problems and work towards solutions

Psychotherapy

Psychodynamic

Humanistic

behavior

cognitive

*cognitive-behavior

Group

family

6 approaches to psychotherapy

Freud and Josef Breuer

Includes free association and dream analysis

Help clients become aware of unconscious conflicts may be causing conflict and impairing daily functioning

Weak supporting evidence in treating disorders

Psychodynamic therapy

The systematic study of mental activity and behavior

Psychology

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature = biological inheritance

Nurture = experience and environment

Researchers now believe that BOTH play an important role

Therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding

humanistic therapy

Started experimental psychology

First psychology lab (1879)

Purpose was to identify the basic parts (i.e., structures) of the conscious mind

Reaction time

(this is a Psychologist)

William Wundt

School of thought based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts

Edward Titchener

Structualism

Therapist works with clients to help them unlearn behaviors that negatively affect their functioning

Treatment often involves token economies, social skills training, and modeling

behavior therapy

An early school of psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior

William james

Functionalism

those who inherit characteristics that help them to adapt to their particular environments have a selective advantage over those who do not

natural selection

Founded by Sigmund Freud

Used psychoanalysis to treat unconscious mental forces that conflicted with acceptable behavior and produced psychological disorders

Psychoanalytic theory

Therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought patterns that produce maladaptive behaviors and emotions

cognitive therapy

Therapist incorporates techniques from cognitive and behavior therapy to correct faulty thinking and maladaptive behaviors

One of the most effective therapies, especially for anxiety disorders and mood disorders

cognitive behavior therapy

Benefit = lower cost

Vary in the types of clients enrolled in group, duration of treatment, theoretical perspective of the therapist running the group, and group size

group therapy

Systems approach, an individual is part of a larger context. Any change in individual behavior will affect the whole system

family therapy

: The idea that the whole of personal experiences is different from simply the sum of its parts

gestalt theory

A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior

Dominated psychological research into the early 1960s

John b watson

behaviorism

A school of psychology that investigates how people grow to become happier and more fulfilled and focuses on people's basic goodness

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rodgers

Humanistic Psychology

Treatment that is based on medical approaches to illness and disease

biological therapy

Drugs that affect mental processes and that can be used to treat psychological disorders

Change brain neurochemistry

psychotropic medications

Anti-anxiety

Antidepressant

Mood stabilizer

Antipsychotic

Stimulants

5 categories of psychotropic medications

Involves administering a strong electrical current to the client's brain to produce a seizure

Effective for some cases of severe depression

But, often viewed negatively by the general public

Electroconvulsive therapy

The study of how people think, learn, and remember

1980s, cognitive psychologists joined with computer scientists, philosophers, and researchers who studied the brain and cognitive neuroscience emerged

cognitive psychology

The beliefs, values, rules & customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language & environment and that are transmitted through learning from one generation to the next

culture

A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about

scientific method

A model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed and makes predictions about future events

theory

A specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

hypothesis

Research methods that provide a systematic and objective description of what is occurring

descriptive method

In an experiment, a comparison group of participants who receive no intervention or receive an intervention that is unrelated to the IV being investigated

control group

is the best treatment for anxiety disorders and OCD

cognitive behavioral therapy

Therapy technique that involves repeatedly exposing clients to an anxiety-producing stimulus or situation, with the goal of reducing fear

Used for Phobias

exposure

____________________________: A gradual form of exposure therapy in which clients are exposed to increasingly anxiety-producing stimuli or situations while coaching them to relax

systematic desensitization

Therapy technique that teaches clients to relax as they are gradually exposed to increasingly fear-inducing stimuli or situations

Used for OCd

Exposure and response prevention

In an experiment, one or more treatment groups of participants who receive the interventions of the IV being investigated

experimental group

A network of billions of cells in the brain and the body, responsible for all aspects of what we feel, think, and do

nervous system

Brain and the spinal cord

central nervous system

Enables nerves to connect the CNS to the muscles, organs, and glands

peripheral nervous system

Basic units of the nervous system

Definition: Cells that receive, integrate, and transmit information in the nervous system

neurons

Branchlike extensions of the neuron with receptors that detect information from other neurons

dendrites

: The part of the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated

cell body

The long, narrow outgrowth of a neuron that enables it to transmit information to other neurons

Terminal buttons

axon

The site of communication between neurons through neurotransmitters

synapse

The neural impulse that travels along the axon and then causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse

action potential

Fatty layer that insulates axons

Speeds up neural communication

mylon sheith

Chemical substances that carry signals from one neuron to another

Interneuron

A small portion of the left frontal region of the brain, which is crucial for producing speech

First evidence that brain regions perform specialized functions

brocas area

Top of the spinal cord

Controls survival functions such as breathing, heart rate, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm

medulla

The combination of a person's subjective experience of the external world and the person's mental activity

consciousness

The processing of information by sensory systems without a person's conscious awareness

subliminal perception

A condition in which the corpus callosum is surgically cut

split brain

The regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns

circadian rhythm

Changes in light register in an area of the hypothalamus, which triggers the production of ________

A hormone released in the brain that aids in the regulation of circadian rhythms

melatonin

Deep sleep

Hard to wake up

slow wave sleep

"highs and lows" of moods

mania

EEGs show activity associated with an awake, alert mind, and sleepers experience rapid eye movements, dreaming, and paralysis of motor systems

REM Sleep

Cycle through about ___ times

5

___ dreams are more likely to be bizarre

REM

_________ dreams feel normal, like everyday life

Non REM

Dreams are the result of the brain's attempts to make sense of random brain activity by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

activation synthesis theory

Inability to sleep

Between 12-20% of all adults have this

More common in women than in men

More common in older adults than in younger adults

insomnia

Throat closes and breathing stops

Results in frequent awakenings during the night

Associated with obesity (but not sure of the cause)

sleep apnea

People act out their dreams while sleeping

REM behavior disorder

__________________(body language): People can make accurate judgments based on only a few seconds of observation

nonverbal behaviors

: People's explanations for why events or actions occur that refer to people's internal characteristics, such as abilities, traits, moods, or efforts

personal attributions

When interpreting our own behavior, we tend to focus on situations

Actor bias

When interpreting other people's behavior, we tend to focus on personal attributes

observer bias

____________________: People's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own expectations or other people's expectations

self fulfilling prophecy

: Negative feelings, opinions, and beliefs associated with a stereotype

prejudice

The inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people as a result of prejudice

discrimination

Subtle forms of prejudice that coexist with the rejection of racist beliefs

modern racism

People's evaluations of objects, events, or ideasPeople's evaluations of objects, events, or ideas

attitudes

Ease of retrieving an attitude from memory

attitude accessibility

The increase in liking due to repeated exposure

mere exposure effect

Because our associations between things and their meanings can change, our attitudes can be conditioned

conditioning

caregivers, peers, teachers, religious leaders, politicians, and media figures guide our attitudes about many things

socialization

An attitude that a person is consciously aware of and can report

explicit attitude

: An attitude that influences a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

Implicit Association Test (IAT): Measures how quickly a person associates concepts or objects with positive or negative words

implicit attitude

An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

cognitive dissonance theory

When the mere presence of others enhances performance

social facilitation

The tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone

Example: Shout alone vs. shout as a group

social loafing

A state of reduced individuality, self-awareness, and attention to personal standards

May occur when people are part of a group

Stanford Prison Experiment (Zimbardo, Aug. 14-20, 1971)

deindividuation

Groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

risky shift affect

Most of the group members are somewhat cautious, then the group becomes even more cautious

group polarization

The altering of your own behaviors and options to match those of other people or to match other people's expectations