Global Health

What is the precise definition of global health?

Global health is a field of academic study, research, policy,

and applied practice that advances the equitable protection

and improvement of population and planetary health.

How does global health differ from public health and medicine?

Global health focuses on health issues that cross national boundaries and require global solutions, while public health generally addresses health issues within a specific community or nation, and medicine focuses on individual patient care.

What is a DALY?

A DALY, or Disability-Adjusted Life Year, is a measure that reflects the total burden of disease, combining years lost due to premature mortality and years lived with disability.

What are the components of a DALY?

The components of a DALY include Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature death and Years Lived with Disability (YLD) for individuals living with a health condition or disability.

When might using DALYs be better or worse than other health measures?

DALYs can provide a comprehensive view of health impacts by capturing both mortality and morbidity,

What are the top three causes of DALYs in the GBD study for communicable diseases?

The top three causes are: 1. Lower respiratory infections 2. Neonatal conditions 3. Diarrheal diseases.

What are the top three causes of DALYs in the GBD study for non-communicable diseases?

The top three causes are: 1. Ischemic heart disease 2. Stroke 3. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

What are the top three causes of DALYs in the GBD study for injuries?

The top three causes are: 1. Road injuries 2. Self-harm 3. Falls.

What are the main Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)?

Main SDOH include socioeconomic status, education, physical environment, employment, social support networks, and access to healthcare.

Provide an example of SDOH related to education.

Educational attainment can affect health literacy, influencing an individual's ability to make informed health choices.

What is WASH and its relation to diarrheal disease?

WASH stands for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, and it is crucial in preventing diarrheal diseases by improving access to clean water and proper sanitation.

Which diarrheal diseases are significant for mortality and morbidity in children?

Significant diarrheal diseases include Rotavirus, Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), and Shigella.

What are PIH’s “Five S’s”?

PIH’s Five S’s include: 1. Staff 2. Stuff (supplies and equipment) 3. Space 4. Systems of care 5. Social supports.

How do the Five S's apply to global health issues?

The Five S's can be utilized to ensure that health systems are well-resourced and organized to address health challenges effectively.

What are the connections between climate change and health outcomes?

Climate change impacts health by exacerbating communicable diseases, increasing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, and contributing to injuries related to extreme weather events.

What are examples of environmental determinants of health?

Examples include the impact of air pollution on respiratory health and the effects of climate change on food security.

What are the commercial determinants related to fast fashion?

Commercial determinants like marketing strategies, production practices, and consumer habits related to fast fashion can negatively influence both environmental health and public health outcomes.

Is gun violence considered a part of injuries or communicable diseases?

Gun violence is categorized under injuries and is a significant public health concern.

What are the main global health threats or priorities?

Main global health threats include infectious disease outbreaks, non-communicable diseases, climate change, health inequities, and emerging pathogens.

What is the life cycle of malaria in humans?

The life cycle of malaria in humans includes the following stages: 1. Mosquito bite introduces sporozoites into the bloodstream. 2. Sporozoites travel to the liver, where they mature into schizonts. 3. Schizonts rupture, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream. 4. Merozoites infect red blood cells, multiply, and cause the cells to burst, leading to further infection and the symptomatic phase.

How does malaria reproduce in the mosquito?

In the mosquito, malaria reproduces by: 1. Ingesting infected blood during a blood meal, allowing gametocytes to enter the mosquito's digestive system. 2. Gametocytes fuse to form zygotes, which develop into ookinetes. 3. Ookinetes penetrate the mosquito's gut wall and form oocysts, where they undergo division to produce sporozoites that migrate to the salivary glands, ready to infect another host.

What are the stages of the malaria life cycle in mosquitoes?

The stages of the malaria life cycle in mosquitoes include: 1. Gametocyte ingestion 2. Gametogenesis 3. Zygote formation 4. Ookinete development 5. Oocyst formation and maturation 6. Release of sporozoites.

How does the human immune system respond to malaria infection?

The human immune system responds to malaria infection by activating innate immunity (including macrophages and dendritic cells) and adaptive immunity (T cells and antibody production) to control parasite replication and infected cell clearance.

What are common symptoms of malaria in humans?

Common symptoms of malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Severe cases can lead to complications like anemia, respiratory distress, and organ failure.

What is the process of HIV replication in the human body?

HIV replication involves several steps: 1. Binding: HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T cells. 2. Fusion: The virus fuses with the cell membrane and enters the host cell. 3. Reverse Transcription: The viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA. 4. Integration: The viral DNA integrates into the host's genome. 5. Replication: The host cell's machinery is used to produce viral proteins. 6. Assembly and Budding: New viruses are assembled and bud off from the host cell, ready to infect new cells.

How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is transmitted through: 1. Unprotected sexual contact: Anal or vaginal sex without a condom. 2. Sharing needles: Between people who inject drugs. 3. Mother to child: During childbirth or breastfeeding. 4. Blood transfusions: With infected blood (rare in countries with screened blood supplies).

What are the modes of transmission for HIV?

HIV can be transmitted through: 1. Sexual transmission: Via genital, anal, or oral sex. 2. Parenteral transmission: Through contaminated needles or sharp instruments. 3. Vertical transmission: From an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

What factors influence the transmission of HIV?

Factors influencing HIV transmission include: 1. Viral load: Higher viral loads increase transmission risk. 2. Presence of other STIs: Can increase susceptibility. 3. Type of sexual activity: Anal sex carries a higher risk than vaginal sex. 4. Use of preventive measures: Such as condoms or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

colonial Medicine

1st, the medical practices established during the colonial period, often aimed at controlling diseases and promoting the health of colonizers while neglecting indigenous health needs.

Missionary medicine

2nd, medical care provided by missionaries, often aimed at converting indigenous populations while addressing some health issues, usually lacking expertise and integration with local practices.

Military Medicine

3rd, developed for soldiers when an army operated in an area of disease. health only for soldiers

Tropical Medicine

4th, An example would be the panama canal,

international health

clever people in rich countries doing something to help people in poorer countries