Ketones, Aldehydes, Alcohols, Ethers, and Carboxylic Acids

Flashcards covering functional groups in organic chemistry including ketones, aldehydes, alcohols, ethers, and carboxylic acids, along with their general formulas and examples.

Ketone Functional Group

A carbonyl group ($C=O$) that is bonded to two carbon atoms from both sides.

General Formula of Ketones

$RCO\acute{R}$ where $R$ and $\acute{R}$ are hydrocarbon parts that may be identical.

$$C_nH_{2n}O$$

The general molecular formula for simple, saturated, acyclic ketones and aldehydes.

Propanone ($\text{Acetone}$)

The simplest ketone, consisting of three carbon atoms with the formula $\text{CH}_3\text{COCH}_3$ or $C_3H_6O$.

$$2\text{-Heptanone}$$

A saturated ketone found in cloves that provides pain relief, with the formula $C_7H_{14}O$ or $C_5H_{11}\text{COCH}_3$.

Unsaturated Organic Compound

A compound that contains at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond in its structure.

Aldehyde Functional Group

A carbonyl group ($C=O$) that is bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Methanal ($\text{Formaldehyde}$)

The simplest aldehyde, containing one carbon atom with the formula $\text{HCHO}$ or $CH_2O$.

Benzaldehyde

An unsaturated aromatic aldehyde compound with the formula $C_7H_6O$ or $C_6H_5\text{CHO}$.

Isomers ($\text{Hempar}$)

Compounds with identical molecular formulas but different structural formulas, leading to different physical and chemical properties.

Alcohol ($\text{Hydroxyl}$) Functional Group

The $-OH$ group where the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom on its other side.

$$C_nH_{2n+2}O$$

The molecular formula for simple, saturated, monohydric alcohols and ethers.

Methanol ($\text{Methyl Alcohol}$)

The simplest alcohol, also known as wood alcohol, containing one carbon atom with the formula $\text{CH}_3\text{OH}$ or $CH_4O$.

Vitamin A

An unsaturated organic compound from the monohydric alcohol family containing a non-benzene ring.

Menthol

An unsaturated monohydric alcohol with a non-benzene ring that provides the scent of mint and peppermint.

Ether ($\text{Oxy}$) Functional Group

An oxygen atom that is bonded to two carbon atoms ($C-O-C$).

Dimethyl Ether ($\text{Methoxy Methane}$)

The simplest ether, containing two carbon atoms and one oxygen with the formula $\text{CH}_3\text{OCH}_3$ or $C_2H_6O$.

Carboxyl Functional Group

A functional group consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group ($-OH$) and a carbon or hydrogen on the other side.

$$C_nH_{2n}O_2$$

The general molecular formula for simple, saturated, acyclic monocarboxylic acids.

Methanoic Acid ($\text{Formic Acid}$)

The simplest organic acid, also known as ant acid, with the formula $\text{HCOOH}$ or $CH_2O_2$.

Ethanoic Acid ($\text{Acetic Acid}$)

Commonly known as vinegar essence, with the molecular formula $C_2H_4O_2$.

Benzoic Acid

An aromatic organic acid compound with the formula $C_6H_5\text{COOH}$ or $C_7H_6O_2$.