NA Test 2

What is incident reporting

the method of documenting facts surrounding an unexpected event in a healthcare setting

What is in the incident report required

when a resident falls, has a change in gait, expresses fear of harm, unusual signs of pain, or goes missing. Also, if the item is damaged/ broken / missing, or if a mistake is made while providing care to the resident. NA feels unsafe or performs a task outside their range of function

Critical thinking

exercising or involving careful judgment based on facts and observations

What are the critical thinking questions

what's the problem, what info is needed, how to solve the problem, and what am I missing

Family

a group of people related by blood, marriage, or by a feeling of closeness

Tact

professional and respectful

Rehabilitation

restoration of their highest possible functioning self, following an incident

Restorative Care

preserve and support the highest level of function that's gained in rehab

Prosthetic Devices

replacement devices for loss or deformity of a body part

Example of prosthetic devices:

Orthotic Devices

devices designed to support, align, enhance, or protect the function of a person’s musculoskeletal system.

Example of orthopedic devices

Supportive Devices

help a disabled or ill resident with movement

Examples of supportive devices

canes, walkers, crutches, wheelchairs

What does ADLs stand for

assistive (adaptive) devices

ADLs

special equipment that helps a disabled or post-operative resident perform activities of daily living and promotes independence.

What does AROM stand for

active range of motion

What does AAROM stand for

active assistive range of motion

What does PROM stand for

passive range of motion

AROM

resident can do this by themselves

AAROM

resident can initiate the motion but needs assistance

PROM

resident cannot initiate or do the motion so needs 100% assistance

Bowel and bladder training

measures taken to restore function of urination and defecation

Urination

voiding or pee

Defecation

poo

Continence

can control pee and poo

Incontinence

cannot control pee and poo

When should a resident be encouraged to void

when they wake up, one hour before meals, every two hours between meals, before bed, and during the night as needed.

What can be ordered to support stool

enemas, laxatives, suppositories

Enemas

introduce fluid (500 mL) into the colon to eliminate stool or stimulate the bowels

What are the types of enemas

tap water, saline, soapsuds

H

What do cells need to live

food, water, and oxygen

Tissue

carries out particular activities or functions

Epithelial tissue

outermost layer of the skin

Connective tissue

supports/ binds and connects other tissues/ organs

Muscle tissue

contracts to produce movement

Nerve Tissue

carries electrical signals

Organ

made of one or more types of tissue and carries on a special function

System

made of groups of several organs functioning together for a specific purpose

Organism

made up of systems all working together to perform activities of daily living that are needed for continued life

Cancer (CA)

abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled manner, invade surrounding tissues, and may spread to other areas

Neoplasia

a group of abnormally growing cells

Benign tumors

non-cancerous, localized

Malignant tumors

cancerous, spread

Metastasize

spread to other parts of the body

Cancer risk factors

age, tobacco, radiation, infections, immunosuppressive drugs, alcohol, diet, hormones, obesity, environment

CAUTION

change in bowel/bladder habits, an unhealing sore, unusual bleeding/discharge from body opening, thickening/lump, indigestion or hard to swallow, obvious change in wart/ mole, nagging cough or hoarseness

Cancer treatment

to cure, control, and reduce signs and symptoms

Radiation therapy

kills cancer cells using X-ray beams aimed at the tumor or radioactive material implanted at or near the tumor

Chemotherapy

affects the whole body; both cancer and normal cells

Orally

through the mouth (pill)

Intravenously

liquid into the bloodstream (IV)

Stomatitis

open sores (mouth, throat)

Integumentary system

the largest system and organ in the body; protective

Layers of the skin (superficial to deep)

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

Epidermis

living/dead cells, no blood vessels, only a few nerve cells

Dermis

made up of connective tissue, has blood vessels, nerves, sweat/ oil glands, and hair roots

Subcutaneous

thick layer of fat and connective tissue

What are the functions of the integumentary tissue

protect, regulate temperature, eliminate waste, provide nerve endings, store fat/vitamins

Shingles

(herpes zoster)

Status Dermatitis

from the buildup of fluid under the skin, leading to low circulation, open ulcers, and wounds

Pressure injury

(bed sores) lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that results in damage to underlying tissues; occurs often

Shear

layers of skin rub against each other

Friction

rubbing of one surface against another

Unavoidable pressure injury

happens despite the efforts to prevent one

Avoidable pressure injury

happens form improper use of best practices

Pressure injury stage 1

pink, doesn't turn white with pressure, skin intact, blanching

Pressure injury stage 2

blister, partial skin loss

Pressure injury stage 3

full thick skin loss (down to the fat)

Pressure injury stage 4

full thickness and tissue loss, all the way to the bone/ tendon

How often should the resident be repositioned

every 2 hours

Musculoskeletal

provides structure and movement for the body

Tendon

connects muscle to bone

Ligament

connects bone to bone

Involuntary muscles

cannot be controlled; cardiac (striated) and smooth (organ) muscle

Voluntary muscles

can be controls; skeletal (striated)

Muscles function

power movement of the skeleton, posture, produce most of body heat

What covers bones

periostium

What do bones do

store calcium, makes/stores blood cells in bone marrow

Joints

points where bones meet, made up of cartilage

What lines joints

synovial membranes

Types of joints

pivot, hinge, ball-and-socket

Abduction

away from

Adduction

moving towards

Extension of the arms

forearm down

Flexion of the arms

whole arm out bilaterally

Pronation

face up

Supination

(hold soup) face down

Dorsiflexion

ballerina feet

Plantar flexion

feet pointed up

Opposition bilaterally without pain

each finger can touch the thumb

Arthritis

inflammation or swelling of the joints; causes stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility

Osteoarthritis

elderly; from age or injury, big joints like hips and knees involved

Rheumatoid arthritis

any age; starting with the smaller joints, then progressing to larger ones

Osteoporosis

bones lose density, causing them to become porous and fragile

Fracture

broken bone caused by accident or osteoporosis, closed or open

TNR

Total knee replacement with prosthesis

Amputation

surgical removal of body part