geography eoy

order of earths internal structure(starting from outside)

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

3 types of plate boundries

constructive, destructive, conservative

what does a conservative plate boundry look like

At a conservative plate boundary, tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, causing friction and resulting in earthquakes.

what does a constructive plate boubdry look like

At a constructive plate boundary, tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma to rise from the mantle and create new crust, typically seen at mid-ocean ridges. Creates a shield volcano

what does a destructive plate boundary look like

oceanic plate moves under continential plate causing composite volcanos to form

Reasons why people live in tectonically active locations. 

fertile soil-more minerals from volcano ash so more crops so more money

Poverty-cant afford to move anywhere else

Scientific research

Geothermal renewable energy- hot water which can be turned into energy

where are hurricanes formed

atlantic

where are typhoons formed

pacific

where are cyclones formed

indian

when are tropical storms formed

summer and autumn when the oceans warmest

how warm are the oceans tropical storms form over

27 degrees celcius

what places do they form

tropical regions- 5-20 degrees North/South of the equator

what is the saffire simpson scale

hurricane wind scale

how does the saffire simpson scale work

5 levels with wind and damage increasing as they get higher

structure of tropical storm

rain bands which getter heavier in the middle and in between there is no rain. wind gets stronger until it reaches the eye where there are clear skies

how much plastic pollution ends up in the ocean each year

12 million tons

what percent of drifting objects in ocean are now plastic

90%

how are plastics broken down into microplastics

photodegradation

how long does it take plastic to brake down into microplastics

20-600 years

how long does it take paper and cardboard to decompose

5-10 weeks

what is the great pacific garbage patch

consists of 2 garbage patches (western and eastern) and accumulates garbage with ocean gyres ( circular ocean currents). the eastern garbage patch is bigger

causes of deforestation

settlement-rainforests used for construction materials or land plots

hydro electric power- large dams flood rainforests to provide electricity

farming-rainforests cut down to make space for farms

mining and mineral extraction

logging

difference between commercial and subsistence farming

commercial is large and to make money

subsistence is small and to make a living

commercial uses crop rotations so land can be used for much longer-educated

subsistence tire out land and have to cut down new small patches of rainforest

sustainable ways to manage tropical rainforests-intergovernment agreement

-intergovernmental agreement-international tropical timber agreement

restricts trade of hardwood, makes it hard to sell illegally felled trees

Cites treat- blocks illegal trade of animals/plants

sustainable ways to manage tropical rainforests- debt reduction

countries with rainforests are LIC and owe debts to HIC

HIC countries write of debts so money can be spent on protecting rainforests

sustainable ways to manage tropical rainforests-conservation and education

charities(such as WWF) help conservation by educating people

about it, provide training for conservation workers, create nature reserves

sustainable ways to manage tropical rainforests-national governments

governments can pass laws to help conservation like:

-creating nature reserves

-making schools educate abt conservation

-stopping abuse of forest

governments might not want to spend the money though

2 develpoment indicators

GNI and HDI

what is GNI

total income received by country from population and busineses

what is HDI

life expectancy, GNI, and literacy rate are used to calculate a Human Development Index score

what is the demographic transition model

shows how development and population are linked

what happens in stage 1 of the demographic transition model

death rate and birth rate are fluctuating and high, this means the total population stays low. Indignenous tribes are in this stage

what happens during stage 2 of the demographic transition model

birth rate remains high but the death rate falls rapidly, meaning the total population begins to rise. Afghanistan is in this stage

what happens in stage 3 of the demographic transition model

birth rate falls rapidly and the death rate is still falling but at a slower rate. the total population continues to rise. Brazil is in this stage

what happens in stage 4 of the demographic transition model

Birth rate and death rate are low and fluctuating, the total population is now high but still rising slowly, the usa is in this stage

what happens in stage 5 of the demographic transition model

now a reality in Germany. The death rate now begins to rise and the birth rate begins to fall slowly. The total population might decline slowly

why does death rate fall rapidly in stage 2?

Balanced diet, improving healthcare, more sanitation

why does the birth rate fall rapidly in stage 3

opportunities for woman, wider access to contraception and family planning

why does death rate rise slowly in stage 5?

ageing population, more degenerate diseases eg cancer

why does birth rate fall slowly in stage 5

family expense, lifestyle choices, greater gender equality

causes of uneven development

-landlocked

-clean water access and absenteeism

-debt

why does being landlocked cause uneven development

dont have access to the sea so trade opportunities are limited. Landlocked communities GNI and GDP will be lower. Physical issue

why does clean water access and absenteeism cause uneven development gaps

-many people in LICs dont have access to clean water

- unclean water contains bacteria that lead to disease outbreaks

-if people are ill they are absent from work and not making money or school and not learning

why does debt cause uneven development

-developing countries borrow money from HICs

-debt builds as countries struggle to repay money

-money spent on repaying loans not developing